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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-5-107-114</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-1369</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИИ И ВАКЦИНОПРОФИЛАКТИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND VACCINE PREVENTION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности микробиоценозов различных биотопов у женщин как потенциальный фактор риска невынашивания беременности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of Microbiocenoses of Various Biotopes in Women as Potential Miscarriage Risk Factor</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-6656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гончаров</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goncharov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гончаров Артемий Евгеньевич  – к. м. н., доцент, заведующий лабораторией функциональной геномики и  протеомики микроорганизмов; заведующий лабораторией инновационных методов микробиологического мониторинга НОЦ «Молекулярные основы взаимодействия микроорганизмов и человека»; профессор кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии;  доценткафедры фундаментальных проблем медицины и  медицинских технологий</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12; 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д.41; 199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д. 7–9</p><p>+7(812)234-05-42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artemy E. Goncharov – Dr. Sci. (Med.) Head of laboratory of functional genomics and proteomics of microorganisms. Head of Laboratory of InnovativeMethods of Microbiological Monitoring; Professor at the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology; Associate Professor of theDepartment of Fundamental Problems of Medicine and Medical Technologies</p><p>12, Akademika Pavlova Street, St. Petersburg, 197376; 41, KirochnayaStreet St. Petersburg, 191015;  199034, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7-9.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">phage1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9993-7543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рищук</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rischuk</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рищук Сергей Владимирович  – к. м. н., профессор кафедры акушерства и гинекологии</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д.41</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Rischuk – Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, department of obstetrics andgynecology named S. N. Davydova</p><p>41, Kirochnaya Street St. Petersburg, 191015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.rishchuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-8096</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асланов</surname><given-names>Б. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aslanov</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Асланов Батырбек Исмелович – к. м. н., доцент, профессор кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и  дезинфектологии</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41.</p><p>+7 (812)543-13-21</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Batyrbek I. Aslanov  – Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor at the Department of Epi- demiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology</p><p>41, Kirochnaya Street St. Petersburg, 191015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Batyrbek.Aslanov@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9547-0192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедева Екатерина Андреевна  – ассистент кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии; научный сотрудник лаборатории инновационных методов микробиологического мониторинга</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д.41; 197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12.</p><p>+7 (812)544-22-94</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Lebedeva  – assistant at the Department of Epidemiology,Parasitology and Disinfectology; Researcher, Laboratory of Innovative Methods of Micro- biological Monitoring, Scientific and educational center r «Molecular bases of  interaction of microorganisms and human» </p><p>41, Kirochnaya Street Saint-Petersburg, 191015; 12, Akademika Pav- lova Street, St. Petersburg, 197376</p><p>+7 (812)544-22-94</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doctorlebedeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-5144</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Азаров</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Azarov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Азаров Даниил Валерьевич – к. м. н., ассистент кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии;  научный сотрудник лаборатории инновационных методов микробиологического мониторинга</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д.41; 197376,Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12.</p><p>+7 (812)544-22-94</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil V. Azarov – assistant at the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitologyand Disinfectology; Researcher, Laboratory of Innovative Methods of Microbiological Monitoring, Scientific and educational center «Molecular bases of interaction of microorganisms and human»</p><p>41, Kirochnaya Street St. Petersburg, 191015; 12, Akademika Pavlova Street, St. Petersburg, 197376</p><p> +7 (812)544-22-94</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">denazarov.da@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1519-5299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мохов</surname><given-names>A. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokhov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мохов Алексей Сергеевич  – врач-бактериолог; аспирант кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и  дезинфектологии; научный сотрудник лаборатории инновационных методов микробиологического мониторинга</p><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 56.; 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д.41; 197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Ака- демика Павлова 12.</p><p>+7 (981)813-02-56</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey S. Mokhov – PhD student of departament of Epidemiology, Parasi- tology and Disinfectology;  bacteriologist;  Researcher, Laboratory of Inno- vative Methods of Microbiological Monitoring, Scientific and educationalcenter «Molecular bases of interaction of microorganisms and human»</p><p>41, Kirochnaya Street St. Petersburg, 191015; 56 Liteyny prospert, St. Petersburg, 191104; 12, Akademika Pavlova Street, St. Petersburg, 197376</p><p>+7  (921)655-84-70</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">docalexserg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7078-1573</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артемова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Artemova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артемова Юлия Александровна – заведующая женской консультаци- ей №9, врач акушер-гинеколог</p><p>195176, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Металлистов д.56</p><p>+7 (952)266-48-52</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Artemova – Head of Women’s Clinic No. 9</p><p>195176, St. Petersburg, 56 Metalistov Ave</p><p>+7 (952) 266-48-52</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k9.zav@zdrav.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0040-4171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таболкина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tabolkina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Таболкина Мария Вячеславовна  – заведующая женской консультацией № 19</p><p>192071, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Будапештская д.20.</p><p>+7 (911)938-38-30</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria V. Tabolkina – Head of Women’s Clinic №. 19</p><p>192071, St. Petersburg, st. Budapest, 20.</p><p>+7 (911) 938-38-30</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tabolkinamaria1976@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-0216</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельцер</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Meltser</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельцер Александра Анатольевна  – врач-бактериолог</p><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 56</p><p>+7 (921)397-73-32</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra А. Meltser – bacteriologist</p><p> 56 Litey- ny prospert, St. Petersburg, 191104</p><p>+7(921)397-73-32</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sashazaya@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-5544</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осьмирко</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osmirko</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осьмирко Татьяна Владимировна – к. м. н., доцент кафедры эпидеми- ологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии </p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул.  Кирочная, д. 41</p><p>+7 (921)6407791</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana V. Osmirko – Cand. Sci. (Med.), associate professor of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfection</p><p>41, str. Kirochnaya, St. Petersburg, 191015</p><p>+79216407791</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">osmirko_tatyana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-4224</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тушина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tushina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тушина Анастасия Викторовна  – врач акушер-гинеколог</p><p>194354, Санкт-Петербург, Северный проспект д.1</p><p>8(921)776-81-41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia V. Tushina – obstetrician-gynecologist</p><p>194354, St. Petersburg, Northern Avenue 1</p><p>+7 (921) 776-81-41</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nastya.tushina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»;ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет&#13;
им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава России;ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of experimental medicine; North-Western State Medical University named after II Mechnikov; Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Western State Medical University named after II Mechnikov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава России; ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Western State Medical University named after II Mechnikov; Institute of experimental medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава России; ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Western State Medical University named after II Mechnikov;  Institute of experimental medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Городская Мариинская больница»; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет&#13;
им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава России; ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Mariinsky Hospital; North-Western State Medical University named after II Mechnikov; Institute of experimental medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Городская поликлиника № 17»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City polyclinic № 17</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Городская поликлиника № 44»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City polyclinic № 44</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Городская Мариинская больница»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Mariinsky Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-9"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Городская больница Святого Великомученика Георгия»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Hospital of St. Great Martyr George</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>114</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гончаров А.Е., Рищук С.В., Асланов Б.И., Лебедева Е.А., Азаров Д.В., Мохов A.С., Артемова Ю.А., Таболкина М.В., Мельцер А.А., Осьмирко Т.В., Тушина А.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гончаров А.Е., Рищук С.В., Асланов Б.И., Лебедева Е.А., Азаров Д.В., Мохов A.С., Артемова Ю.А., Таболкина М.В., Мельцер А.А., Осьмирко Т.В., Тушина А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Goncharov A.E., Rischuk S.V., Aslanov B.I., Lebedeva E.A., Azarov D.V., Mokhov A.S., Artemova Y.A., Tabolkina M.V., Meltser A.A., Osmirko T.V., Tushina A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/1369">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/1369</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Невынашивание беременности представляет собой одну из наиболее распространенных акушерских патологий, определяющих гибель плода при спонтанном выкидыше. В числе активно изучаемых факторов риска данного состояния рассматривается роль изменений микробиома различных биотопов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Определить структуру микробиоценозов влагалища и кишечника и их роль в развитии самопроизвольных выкидышей у женщин на ранних сроках беременности.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведено исследование «случай-контроль», включившее 23 женщины с самопроизвольным выкидышем на 5–14-й неделе беременности и 23 женщины с нормально протекающей беременностью. Данные метагеномного секвенирования V3– V4 участков гена 16SрРНК использованы для сравнительной оценки структуры микробиома влагалища и кишечника в данных группах.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В ходе выполнения исследования выявлен ряд таксономических групп микроорганизмов, характеризующих особенности состава микробиома влагалища и кишечника женщин с невынашиванием беременности. Установлено, что снижение доли Lactobacillus spp. в структуре микробиома влагалища до уровня менее 90% от общего числа выявленных таксонов ассоциировано с данной патологией (OR = 5,28, 95% ДИ = 1,2–23,2). Кишечные микробиоценозы женщин со спонтанным выкидышем характеризуются меньшим таксономическим разнообразием, чем микробиом кишечника у женщин с прогрессирующей беременностью. При этом некоторые представители кишечного микробиома (Akkermansia sp., Faecalibacterium sp., Bifidobacterium sp., Methanobrevibacter sp., Lactococcus sp.) преобладают у женщин с прогрессированием беременности.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведенное исследование продемонстрировало связь изменений микробиоценозов репродуктивного тракта и кишечника с невынашиванием беременности. Отмечается потенциально протективная функция лактобацилл. Полученные данные обосновывают необходимость активного использования молекулярно-генетических методов, направленных на оценку структуры кишечного и вагинального микробиома при оценке рисков возникновения репродуктивных неудач.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Miscarriage is one of the most common obstetric pathologies that determine the spontaneous death of the fetus. The role of changes in the microbiome of various biotopes is considered as a risk factor of this disease.</p><p>Aim of the research is to assess the microbiocenoses structure of the reproductive system and the intestine associated with the development of spontaneous miscarriages in early pregnancy.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A case-control study was conducted and organized. The group of «cases» included 23 women with spontaneous miscarriage at 5–14 weeks of pregnancy and the control group included 23 women with normal pregnancies Based on the data of metagenomic sequencing of V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene, a comparative assessment of the structure of the vaginal and intestinal microbiome in these groups was carried out.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As a result of the study, a number of taxonomic groups of microorganisms in the vagina and intestines associated with miscarriage. It was found that the decrease in the proportion of Lactobacillus spp. in the structure of the vaginal microbiome, less than 90% of the total number of identified taxa is associated with this pathology (OR = 5.28 (95% CI = 1.2-23.2)). The gut microbiocenoses of women with spontaneous miscarriage are characterized by less taxonomic diversity than the gut microbiome of women with advanced pregnancy. At the same time, some representatives of the intestinal microbiome (Akkermansia sp., Faecalibacterium sp., Bifidobacterium sp., Methanobrevibacter sp., Lactococcus sp.) predominate in women with a normal pregnancy.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study demonstrated a significant role of changes in microbiocinosis of the reproductive tract and intestines in miscarriage. There is a potentially protective function of lactobacilli. The obtained data substantiates the need for active use of molecular genetic methods focused on the assessing the structure of the vaginal and intestinal microbiota in assessing the risks of reproductive failures.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>репродуктивный тракт</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>самопроизвольный выкидыш</kwd><kwd>беременность</kwd><kwd>метагеномное секвенирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>reproductive tract</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd><kwd>spontaneous miscarriage</kwd><kwd>pregnancy</kwd><kwd>metagenomic sequencing No conflict of interest to declare</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, et al. Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study. 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