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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-5-120-137</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-1681</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пандемия продолжается: омикроны, длительный ковид, вакцинация и вакцины</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Pandemic is in Progress: Long Covid, Omicrons, Vaccination and Vaccines</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харченко</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharchenko</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Харченко Евгений Петрович, доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>194223, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Тореза, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eugene P. Kharchenko  – Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leader researcher</p><p>194223, St. Petersburg, Toreza pr., 44</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neuro.children@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Институт эволюционной физиологиии и биохимии им. И. М. Сеченова» РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Харченко Е.П., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Харченко Е.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kharchenko E.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/1681">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/1681</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются остаточные последствия коронавирусной инфекции у перенёсших COVID-19, именуемые как долговременный ковид, краткий перечень его симптомов, возможные их причины и трудности распознавания. Анализируются изменения первичной структуры возникающих коронавирусов от уханьского штамма до новых штаммов омикронов. В числе особенностей их эволюции отмечается увеличение содержания аргинина и лизина, особенно в S1 субъединице, и снижение доли аспарагиновой и глутаминовой аминокислот. Для рецептор-связывающего домена омикронов характерна тенденция снижения содержания треонина, серина и глутамина. Мутации в S-белке характеризуются асимметричностью в отношении как заменяемых, так и замещающих аминокислот. Не подвержены заменам изолейцин, цистеин и триптофан. Эти тенденции и ограничения в мутациях S-белка и особенно необычное в них соотношение трансверсии:транзиции аргументируют версию об искусственном происхождении вариантов SARS-CoV-2. На уровне генов S-белков отмечаются запреты в отношении использования определённых кодонов. Для оценки эффективности вакцин и чуствительности к ним коронавирусов на протяжении пандемии полезно подразделить пандемические коронавирусы на две группы: доомикроны и омикроны. Такое подразделение оправдано тем, что эти группы резко отличаются по числу мутаций и изменениями по составу иммунных эпитопов, особенно в рецептор-связывающем домене. Специфическая тенденция изменения его аминокислотного состава , по-видимому, связана с последовательным снижением патогенности в ряду омикронов ВА.1, ВА.2, ВА.4 и ВА.5. Учёт этих особенностей позволяет прогнозировать чувствительность коронавирусных штаммов к используемым вакцинам и рационально конструировать вакцины с широким спектром специфичности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article discusses the residual effects of survivors of COVID-19, referred to as long-term covid, a short list of their manifestations, their possible causes and difficulties of recognition. Changes in the primary structure of emerging coronaviruses from the Wuhan strain to new omicron strains are analyzed. Among the features of their evolution, there is an increase in the content of arginine and lysine, especially in the S1 subunit, and a decrease in the proportion of aspartic and glutamic amino acids. The receptorbinding domain of omicrons is characterized by a tendency to decrease the content of threonine, serine and glutamine. Mutations in the S protein are characterized by asymmetry in relation to both substitutable and substitutive amino acids. Isoleucine and cysteine are not replaced. Certain trends and limitations in the mutations of their S protein and especially the unusual ratio transversion: transitions in them argue for the version of the artificial origin of the SARS-Cov-2 variants. At the level of the S protein genes, there are prohibitions regarding the use of certain codons. To assess the effectiveness of vaccines and the sensitivity of coronaviruses to them during a pandemic, it is useful to divide pandemic coronaviruses into two groups: omicrons and pre-omicrons. This division is justified by the fact that these groups differ sharply in the number of mutations and changes in the composition of immune epitopes, especially in the receptor-binding domain. The specific tendency of changes in its amino acid composition, apparently, is associated with a consistent decrease in pathogenicity in BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 variants. Taking into account these features makes it possible to predict the sensitivity of coronavirus strains to the vaccines used and rationally design vaccines with a wide range of specificity.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирусы</kwd><kwd>пандемия</kwd><kwd>долгий ковид</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>вакцины</kwd><kwd>иммуноэпитопы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coronaviruses</kwd><kwd>pandemic</kwd><kwd>long Covid</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>vaccines</kwd><kwd>immune epitope</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yewdell J. W. Antigenic drift: Understanding COVID-19. Immunity. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yewdell J. W. Antigenic drift: Understanding COVID-19. 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