epidemiologyЭпидемиология и ВакцинопрофилактикаEpidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention2073-30462619-0494«Numicom» LLC10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-6-183-200epidemiology-1919Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWПроблемы и коллизии вакцинологииProblems and Collisions of VaccinologyХарченкоЕ. П.KharchenkoE. P.

Евгений Петрович Харченко – д. б. н., ведущий научный сотрудник

+7 (904) 338-22-80

194223, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Тореза, 44

Eugene P. Kharchenko – Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leader researcher

+7 (904) 338-22-80,

194223, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Toreza pr., 44

neuro.children@mail.ruФГБУН «Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И. М. Сеченова» РАНРоссияSechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and BiochemistryRussian Federation202306012024226183200Copyright © Харченко Е.П., 20242024Харченко Е.П.Kharchenko E.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/1919

В статье рассматриваются ограниченность защитного потенциала иммунной системы, определяемая особенностями эволюционных механизмов, приведших к разнообразию белков, и эволюционно поздним возникновением адаптивной иммунной системы, а также проблемы, связанные с формированием иммунитета к вирусным инфекциям и иммунными коллизиями при вакцинации. На примере гемагглютинина вируса гриппа H1N1 и S-белка коронавируса SARS-Cov-2 иллюстрируются особенности аминокислотного состава их иммунодоминантных (НА1 и S1) и субдоминантных (НА2 и S2) субъединиц и анализируется возможность создания универсальной вакцины против гриппа. Излагается принцип нового метода выявления линейных пептидных иммуноэпитопов, распознаваемых МНС I и II, и биомаркеров долговременного иммунитета в поверхностных вирусных белках, используемых в вакцинах. Расссматриваются: модель протеолиза белков вакцин в иммунопротесомах и лизосомах; особенности аминокислотного состава поверхностных белков вирусов; вакцины, способные вызывать долговременный иммунитет; вирусы, вакцины к которым еще не разработаны, а также возможные коллизии с мРНК-вакцинами в связи с выявлением ограничений в кодировании генов.

The article discusses the limitations of the protective potential of the immune system associated with the peculiarities of the evolutionary mechanisms of the emergence of protein diversity and the late emergence in the evolution of the adaptive immune system, as well as problems associated with the formation of immunity to viral infections and immune collisions during vaccination. Using the example of hemagglutinin of the H1N1 influenza virus and S protein of the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus, the features of the amino acid composition of their immunodominant (NA1 and S1) and subdominant (NA2 and S2) subunits are illustrated and the possibility of creating a universal vaccine against influenza viruses is analyzed. The principle of a new method for detecting linear peptide immunoepitopes recognized by MHC I and II and biomarkers of long-term immunity in surface viral proteins used as vaccines is described. The model of proteolysis of vaccine proteins in immunoprotesomes and lysosomes, features of the amino acid composition of surface proteins of viruses to which vaccines cause long-term immunity, and viruses to which vaccines have not yet been developed, as well as possible collisions with mRNA vaccines are examined. Possible collisions with mRNA vaccines are also being considered in connection with the identification of gene encoding limitations.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.