epidemiologyЭпидемиология и ВакцинопрофилактикаEpidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention2073-30462619-0494«Numicom» LLC10.31631/2073-3046-2024-23-6-129-136epidemiology-2128Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWОценка соотношения результатов спот-тестов и тестов бляшкообразующей активности бактериофагов актуальных патогеновEvaluation of the Ratio of Spot Tests and Plaque-Forming Activity Tests of Bacteriophages of Prevalent Pathogenshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3062-3316ПчелинИ. М.PchelinI. M.

Иван Михайлович Пчелин – к. б. н., научный сотрудник лаборатории функциональной геномики и протеомики микроорганизмов

Санкт-Петербург

Ivan M. Pchelin – Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Researcher at the Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Microorganisms

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-5144АзаровД. В.AzarovD. V.

Даниил Валерьевич Азаров – к. м. н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории функциональной геномики и протеомики микроорганизмов; ассистент кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

Санкт-Петербург

Daniil V. Azarov – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Microorganisms; Teaching Assistant at the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology

Saint Petersburg

ДедикВ. А.DedikV. A.

Варвара Андреевна Дедик – студентка

Санкт-Петербург

Varvara A. Dedik – student

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2960-1397КушниренкоД. А.KushnirenkoD. A.

Дарья Александровна Кушниренко – лаборант-исследователь лаборатории инновационных методов микробиологического мониторинга научно-образовательного центра «Молекулярные основы взаимодействия микроорганизмов и человека» научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»

Санкт-Петербург

Daria A. Kushnirenko – Laboratory Assistant at the Laboratory of Innovative Methods of Microbiological Monitoring, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-8096АслановБ. И.AslanovB. I.

Батырбек Исмелович Асланов – д. м. н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

Санкт-Петербург

Batyrbek I. Aslanov – Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-6656ГончаровА. Е.GoncharovA. E.

Артемий Евгеньевич Гончаров – д. м. н., заведующий лабораторией функциональной геномики и протеомики микроорганизмов; профессор кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

Санкт-Петербург

Artemy E. Goncharov – Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Innovative Methods of Microbiological Monitoring; Professor at the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-7354ЛиозновД. А.LioznovD. A.

Дмитрий Анатольевич Лиознов – д. м. н., профессор, директор; заведующий кафедрой инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии

Санкт-Петербург

Dmitry A. Lioznov – Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head; Head of Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology

Saint Petersburg

ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины» Минобрнауки РоссииРоссияInstitute of Experimental MedicineRussian FederationФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины» Минобрнауки России; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияInstitute of Experimental Medicine; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияNorth-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovRussian FederationФГБУ «НИИ гриппа им. А. А. Смородинцева» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияSmorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza; First Pavlov State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202415012025236129136Copyright © Пчелин И.М., Азаров Д.В., Дедик В.А., Кушниренко Д.А., Асланов Б.И., Гончаров А.Е., Лиознов Д.А., 20252025Пчелин И.М., Азаров Д.В., Дедик В.А., Кушниренко Д.А., Асланов Б.И., Гончаров А.Е., Лиознов Д.А.Pchelin I.M., Azarov D.V., Dedik V.A., Kushnirenko D.A., Aslanov B.I., Goncharov A.E., Lioznov D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2128

Актуальность. Получение чистых пятен лизиса, с допущением наличия отдельных колоний вторичного роста, в спот-тестах является критерием оценки эффективности терапевтических бактериофагов. Вместе с тем известен ряд механизмов, по которым происходит фаговый лизис бактерий на газонах, не сопровождающийся репликацией вируса.Цель. Оценка соотношения результатов спот-тестов и тестов, основанных на выявлении негативных колоний бактериофагов.Вывод. Проанализированы данные из 21 статьи о 43 бактериофагах. В пределах рассмотренной выборки наблюдение чистых зон лизиса в 94% случаев соответствовало успешной репликации вируса. Для ряда бактериофагов Escherichia coli было выявлено большее число спот-тестов категории «++++», по сравнению с числом штаммов, поддерживающих репликацию вируса, что, в рамках оценки литической активности терапевтического бактериофага, может быть охарактеризовано как ложноположительные результаты спот-теста. В целом наблюдение чистых пятен лизиса на спот-тесте в большинстве случаев указывает на репликацию бактериофага, что позволяет рассматривать метод спот-теста как ориентировочный, но требующий последующие валидации более сложными методами, характеризующими эффективность фаговой репликации.

Relevance. Obtaining clean lysis spots, with tolerable presence of individual colonies of secondary growth, in spot tests is a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic bacteriophages. At the same time, a number of mechanisms are known by which phage lysis of bacteria on lawns occurs without being accompanied by virus replication.Aim. To assess the ratio of spot test results and tests based on the detection of negative bacteriophage colonies.Conclusion. Data on 43 bacteriophages extracted from 21 articles were analyzed. Within the studied sample, the observation of clean lysis zones in 94% of cases corresponded to successful virus replication. For a number of Escherichia coli bacteriophages, a greater number of spot tests of the "++++" category were detected compared to the number of strains supporting virus replication, which, within the framework of assessing the lytic activity of a therapeutic bacteriophage, can be characterized as false positive spot test results. In general, the observation of clear lysis spots on the spot test in most cases indicates bacteriophage replication, which allows us to consider the spot test method as indicative, but requiring subsequent validation by more complex methods characterizing the efficiency of phage replication.

обзор литературыбактериофагиспектр литической активностианализ вирусных бляшекколифагифаготерапияreviewbacteriophageshost rangeviral plaque assaycoliphagesphage therapyReferencesПокровская М. П., Каганова Л. С., Морозенко М. А., и др. Лечение ран бактериофагом. М.: Медгиз, 1941. 51 с.Pokrovskaya MP, Kaganova LS, Morozenko MA, et al. Bacteriophage treatment of wounds. Moscow: State publishing house of medical literature «Medgiz»: 1941. 51 p. (in Russ.)Летаров А. В. История ранних исследований бактериофагов и рождение основных концепций вирусологии. Биохимия. 2020;85(9):1189–1212. DOI: 10.31857/S0320972520090031Letarov AV. History of early bacteriophage research and emergence of key concepts in virology. Biochemistry. 2020;85(9):1093–1112 (in Russ.) DOI: 10.31857/S0320972520090031Горшенин А. В. Участие микробиологов З.В. Ермольевой и Л.М. Якобсон в научной дискуссии о судьбе производства советских холерных бактериофагов в 1967 году. Самарский научный вестник. 2021;10(4):201–207. DOI: 10.17816/snv2021104211Gorshenin A.V. Participation of microbiologists Z.V. Ermolyeva and L.M. Yakobson in a scientific discussion about the fate of the production of Soviet cholera bacteriophages in 1967. Samara Journal of Science. 2021;10(4):201–207 (in Russ.) DOI: 10.17816/snv2021104211Turner PE, Azeredo J, Buurman ET, et al. Addressing the research and development gaps in modern phage therapy. Phage. 2024;5(1):30–39. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699054Turner PE, Azeredo J, Buurman ET, et al. Addressing the research and development gaps in modern phage therapy. Phage. 2024;5(1):30–39. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699054Hesse S, Adhya S. Phage therapy in the twenty-first century: facing the decline of the antibiotic era; is it finally time for the age of the phage? Annu Rev Microbiol. 2019;73:155–174. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062535Hesse S, Adhya S. Phage therapy in the twenty-first century: facing the decline of the antibiotic era; is it finally time for the age of the phage? Annu Rev Microbiol. 2019;73:155–174. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062535Alanis AJ. Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era? Arch Med Res. 2005;36(6):697–705. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.06.009Alanis AJ. Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era? Arch Med Res. 2005;36(6):697–705. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.06.009Kinch MS, Kraft Z, Schwartz T. Antibiotic development: lessons from the past and future opportunities. Pharm Res. 2024;41(5):839–848. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03694-2Kinch MS, Kraft Z, Schwartz T. Antibiotic development: lessons from the past and future opportunities. Pharm Res. 2024;41(5):839–848. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03694-2O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2016. 84 p.O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2016. 84 p.GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2024;404(10459):1199–1226. DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(24)01867-1GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2024;404(10459):1199–1226. DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(24)01867-1Nilsson AS. Pharmacological limitations of phage therapy. Ups J Med Sci. 2019;124(4):218–227. DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2019.1688433Nilsson AS. Pharmacological limitations of phage therapy. Ups J Med Sci. 2019;124(4):218–227. DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2019.1688433Valente L, Prazak J, Que YA, et al. Progress and pitfalls of bacteriophage therapy in critical care: a concise definitive review. Crit Care Explor. 2021;3(3):e0351. DOI: 10.1097/ CCE.0000000000000351Valente L, Prazak J, Que YA, et al. Progress and pitfalls of bacteriophage therapy in critical care: a concise definitive review. Crit Care Explor. 2021;3(3):e0351. DOI: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000351Pirnay JP, Verbeken G. Magistral phage preparations: is this the model for everyone? Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(Suppl 5):S360–S369. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad481Pirnay JP, Verbeken G. Magistral phage preparations: is this the model for everyone? Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(Suppl 5):S360–S369. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad481Yerushalmy O, Braunstein R, Alkalay-Oren S, et al. Towards standardization of phage susceptibility testing: the Israeli phage therapy center «clinical phage microbiology»-a pipeline proposal. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(Suppl 5):S337–S351. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad514Yerushalmy O, Braunstein R, Alkalay-Oren S, et al. Towards standardization of phage susceptibility testing: the Israeli phage therapy center «clinical phage microbiology»-a pipeline proposal. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(Suppl 5):S337–S351. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad514Fedorov E, Samokhin A, Kozlova Y, et al. Short-term outcomes of phage-antibiotic combination treatment in adult patients with periprosthetic hip joint infection. Viruses. 2023;15(2):499. DOI: 10.3390/v15020499Fedorov E, Samokhin A, Kozlova Y, et al. Short-term outcomes of phage-antibiotic combination treatment in adult patients with periprosthetic hip joint infection. Viruses. 2023;15(2):499. DOI: 10.3390/v15020499Асланов Б. И., Зуева Л. П., Пунченко О. Е., и др. Рациональное применение бактериофагов в лечебной и противоэпидемической практике. Методические рекомендации. Москва, 2022. 32 с.Aslanov BI, Zueva LP, Punchenko OE, et al. Rational use of bacteriophages in therapeutic and antiepidemic practice. Methodological guidelines. Moscow, 2022 (in Russ.)Hyman P, Abedon ST. Bacteriophage host range and bacterial resistance. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2010;70:217–48. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(10)70007-1Hyman P, Abedon ST. Bacteriophage host range and bacterial resistance. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2010;70:217–48. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(10)70007-1Pchelin IM, Smolensky AV, Azarov DV, et al. Lytic spectra of tailed bacteriophages: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Viruses. 2024;16(12):1879. DOI: 10.3390/v16121879Pchelin IM, Smolensky AV, Azarov DV, et al. Lytic spectra of tailed bacteriophages: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Viruses. 2024;16(12):1879. DOI: 10.3390/v16121879Pereira C, Moreirinha C, Lewicka M, et al. Characterization and in vitro evaluation of new bacteriophages for the biocontrol of Escherichia coli. Virus Res. 2017;227:171–182. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.019Pereira C, Moreirinha C, Lewicka M, et al. Characterization and in vitro evaluation of new bacteriophages for the biocontrol of Escherichia coli. Virus Res. 2017;227:171–182. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.019Barros J, Melo LDR, Poeta P, et al. Lytic bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli isolates from orthopaedic implant-associated infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;54(3):329–337. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.06.007Barros J, Melo LDR, Poeta P, et al. Lytic bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli isolates from orthopaedic implant-associated infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;54(3):329–337. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.06.007Pacios O, Fernández-García L, Bleriot I, et al. Phenotypic and genomic comparison of Klebsiella pneumoniae lytic phages: vB_KpnM-VAC66 and vB_KpnM-VAC13. Viruses. 2021;14(1):6. DOI: 10.3390/v14010006Pacios O, Fernández-García L, Bleriot I, et al. Phenotypic and genomic comparison of Klebsiella pneumoniae lytic phages: vB_KpnM-VAC66 and vB_KpnM-VAC13. Viruses. 2021;14(1):6. DOI: 10.3390/v14010006Pertics BZ, Kovács T, Schneider G. Characterization of a lytic bacteriophage and demonstration of its combined lytic effect with a K2 depolymerase on the hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 52145. Microorganisms. 2023;11(3):669. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030669Pertics BZ, Kovács T, Schneider G. Characterization of a lytic bacteriophage and demonstration of its combined lytic effect with a K2 depolymerase on the hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 52145. Microorganisms. 2023;11(3):669. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030669Shahin K, Bouzari M, Wang R, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella species of food origins and their inactivation by specific lytic bacteriophages. Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;305:108252. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108252Shahin K, Bouzari M, Wang R, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella species of food origins and their inactivation by specific lytic bacteriophages. Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;305:108252. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108252Pertics BZ, Cox A, Nyúl A, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage against the K2 capsule-expressing hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 52145, and identification of its functional depolymerase. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3):650. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030650Pertics BZ, Cox A, Nyúl A, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage against the K2 capsule-expressing hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 52145, and identification of its functional depolymerase. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3):650. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030650González-Gómez JP, López-Cuevas O, Castro-Del Campo N, et al. Genomic and biological characterization of the novel phages vB_VpaP_AL-1 and vB_VpaS_AL-2 infecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Virus Res. 2022;312:198719. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198719González-Gómez JP, López-Cuevas O, Castro-Del Campo N, et al. Genomic and biological characterization of the novel phages vB_VpaP_AL-1 and vB_VpaS_AL-2 infecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Virus Res. 2022;312:198719. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198719Orozco-Ochoa AK, González-Gómez JP, Castro-Del Campo N, et al. Characterization and genome analysis of six novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus phages associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Virus Res. 2023;323:198973. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198973Orozco-Ochoa AK, González-Gómez JP, Castro-Del Campo N, et al. Characterization and genome analysis of six novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus phages associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Virus Res. 2023;323:198973. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198973Filik K, Szermer-Olearnik B, Wernecki M, et al. The podovirus 80-18 targets the pathogenic American biotype 1B strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1356. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01356Filik K, Szermer-Olearnik B, Wernecki M, et al. The podovirus 80-18 targets the pathogenic American biotype 1B strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1356. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01356Essoh C, Vernadet JP, Vergnaud G, et al. Characterization of sixteen Achromobacter xylosoxidans phages from Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, isolated on a single clinical strain. Arch Virol. 2020;165(3):725–730. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04511-7Essoh C, Vernadet JP, Vergnaud G, et al. Characterization of sixteen Achromobacter xylosoxidans phages from Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, isolated on a single clinical strain. Arch Virol. 2020;165(3):725–730. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04511-7Xu J, Zhang R, Yu X, et al. Molecular characteristics of novel phage vB_ShiP-A7 infecting multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli, and its bactericidal effect in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:698962. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698962Xu J, Zhang R, Yu X, et al. Molecular characteristics of novel phage vB_ShiP-A7 infecting multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli, and its bactericidal effect in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:698962. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698962Imklin N, Nasanit R. Characterization of Salmonella bacteriophages and their potential use in dishwashing materials. J Appl Microbiol. 2020;129(2):266–277. DOI: 10.1111/jam.14617Imklin N, Nasanit R. Characterization of Salmonella bacteriophages and their potential use in dishwashing materials. J Appl Microbiol. 2020;129(2):266–277. DOI: 10.1111/jam.14617Guo M, Gao Y, Xue Y, et al. Bacteriophage cocktails protect dairy cows against mastitis caused by drug resistant Escherichia coli infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:690377. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690377Guo M, Gao Y, Xue Y, et al. Bacteriophage cocktails protect dairy cows against mastitis caused by drug resistant Escherichia coli infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:690377. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690377Liao YT, Sun X, Quintela IA, et al. Discovery of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-specific bacteriophages from non-fecal composts using genomic characterization. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:627. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00627Liao YT, Sun X, Quintela IA, et al. Discovery of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-specific bacteriophages from non-fecal composts using genomic characterization. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:627. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00627Fong K, LaBossiere B, Switt AIM, et al. Characterization of four novel bacteriophages isolated from British Columbia for control of non-typhoidal Salmonella in vitro and on sprouting alfalfa seeds. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2193. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02193Fong K, LaBossiere B, Switt AIM, et al. Characterization of four novel bacteriophages isolated from British Columbia for control of non-typhoidal Salmonella in vitro and on sprouting alfalfa seeds. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2193. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02193Ding Y, Huang C, Zhu W, et al. Characterization of a novel Jerseyvirus phage T102 and its inhibition effect on biofilms of multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Virus Res. 2023;326:199054. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199054Ding Y, Huang C, Zhu W, et al. Characterization of a novel Jerseyvirus phage T102 and its inhibition effect on biofilms of multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Virus Res. 2023;326:199054. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199054Turner D, Hezwani M, Nelson S, et al. Characterization of the Salmonella bacteriophage vB_SenS-Ent1. J Gen Virol. 2012;93(Pt 9):2046–2056. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043331-0Turner D, Hezwani M, Nelson S, et al. Characterization of the Salmonella bacteriophage vB_SenS-Ent1. J Gen Virol. 2012;93(Pt 9):2046–2056. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043331-0Harada LK, Silva EC, Rossi FP, et al. Characterization and in vitro testing of newly isolated lytic bacteriophages for the biocontrol of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Future Microbiol. 2022:111–141. DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0027Harada LK, Silva EC, Rossi FP, et al. Characterization and in vitro testing of newly isolated lytic bacteriophages for the biocontrol of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Future Microbiol. 2022:111–141. DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0027de Melo ACC, da Mata Gomes A, Melo FL, et al. Characterization of a bacteriophage with broad host range against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from domestic animals. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19(1):134. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1481-zde Melo ACC, da Mata Gomes A, Melo FL, et al. Characterization of a bacteriophage with broad host range against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from domestic animals. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19(1):134. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1481-zKauppinen A, Siponen S, Pitkаnen T, et al. Phage biocontrol of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. Viruses. 2021;13(5):928. DOI: 10.3390/v13050928Kauppinen A, Siponen S, Pitkänen T, et al. Phage biocontrol of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. Viruses. 2021;13(5):928. DOI: 10.3390/v13050928Ding T, Sun H, Pan Q, et al. Isolation and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophage vB_VpaS_PG07. Virus Res. 2020;286:198080. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198080Ding T, Sun H, Pan Q, et al. Isolation and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophage vB_VpaS_PG07. Virus Res. 2020;286:198080. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198080Abedon ST. Information Phage Therapy Research Should Report. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2017;10(2):43. DOI: 10.3390/ph10020043Abedon ST. Information Phage Therapy Research Should Report. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2017;10(2):43. DOI: 10.3390/ph10020043Ooi ML, Drilling AJ, Morales S, et al. Safety and tolerability of bacteriophage therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis due to Staphylococcus aureus. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(8):723–729. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2019.1191Ooi ML, Drilling AJ, Morales S, et al. Safety and tolerability of bacteriophage therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis due to Staphylococcus aureus. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(8):723–729. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2019.1191Wright A, Hawkins CH, Anggård EE, et al. A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage preparation in chronic otitis due to antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a preliminary report of efficacy. Clin Otolaryngol. 2009;34(4):349–57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01973.xWright A, Hawkins CH, Anggård EE, et al. A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage preparation in chronic otitis due to antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a preliminary report of efficacy. Clin Otolaryngol. 2009;34(4):349–57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01973.x

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.