epidemiologyЭпидемиология и ВакцинопрофилактикаEpidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention2073-30462619-0494«Numicom» LLC10.31631/2073-3046-2024-23-6-137-146epidemiology-2129Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWПептидные и м-РНК вакцины: особенности иммуногенности и иммунопротективностиPeptide and m-RNA Vaccines: Peculiarities of Immunogenicity and Protective Effecthttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6289-6274СтепановаТ. Ф.StepanovaT. F.

Татьяна Федоровна Степанова – д. м. н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник

г. Тюмень

+7 (3452) 28-99-94

Tatyana F. Stepanova – Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, chief research associate

Tumen

+7 (3452) 28-99-94

info@tniikip.rospotrebnadzor.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3050-4472ТроценкоО. Е.TrotsenkoO. E.

Ольга Евгеньевна Троценко – д. м. н., директор

г. Хабаровск

+7 (4212) 32-52-28

Olga E. Trotsenko – Dr. Sci. (Med.), director,

Khabarovsk

+7 (4212) 32-52-28

trotsenko_oe@hniiem.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1365-7741БакштановскаяИ. В.BakshtankvskayaI. V.

Ирина Владимировна Бакштановская – к. б. н., ученый секретарь

г. Тюмень

+7 (3452) 28-99-94

Irina V. Bakshtanovskaya – Cand. Sci. (Biol.), scientific secretary

Tyumen

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info@tniikip.rospotrebnadzor.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5695-6752БазыкинаЕ. А.BazykinaE. A.

Елена Анатольевна Базыкина – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологии и профилактики вирусных гепатитов и СПИД

г. Хабаровск

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Elena A. Bazykina – junior research associate of laboratory of viral hepatitis and AIDS epidemiology and prevention

Khabarovsk

+7 (4212) 46-18-55

alyonaf@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5420-0919СтепановаК. Б.StepanovaK. B.

Ксения Борисовна Степанова – к. м. н., врио директора

г. Тюмень

+7 (3452) 28-99-94

Ksenia B. Stepanova – Cand. Sci. (Med.), interim director

Tyumen

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info@tniikip.rospotrebnadzor.ruФБУН «Тюменский НИИ краевой инфекционной патологии» РоспотребнадзораРоссияTumen scientific research institute of regional infectious pathology of the Federal service for surveillance on consumers rights protection and human wellbeingRussian FederationФБУН «Хабаровский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии» РоспотребнадзораРоссияKhabarovsk scientific research institute of epidemiology and microbiology of the Federal service for surveillance on consumers rights protection and human wellbeingRussian Federation202415012025236137146Copyright © Степанова Т.Ф., Троценко О.Е., Бакштановская И.В., Базыкина Е.А., Степанова К.Б., 20252025Степанова Т.Ф., Троценко О.Е., Бакштановская И.В., Базыкина Е.А., Степанова К.Б.Stepanova T.F., Trotsenko O.E., Bakshtankvskaya I.V., Bazykina E.A., Stepanova K.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2129

Актуальность. Современные вызовы здравоохранению заключаются в риске формирования пандемических вариантов возбудителей и требуют переосмысления классических подходов к профилактике инфекционных заболеваний, в частности, внедрения эффективных, безопасных, универсальных и быстрых методов производства вакцинных препаратов.Цель. Провести анализ научной литературы об особенностях м-РНК и пептидных вакцинных препаратов. Поиск публикаций проводился в базах данных PubMed, Google Scholar и e-library.Выводы. Оба варианта платформ для разработки вакцинных препаратов, помимо очевидных преимуществ, имеют и недостатки. Для м-РНК вакцин наиболее существенными ограничениями являются ее нестабильность и необходимость хранения и транспортировки при температуре не выше минус 80 °С, что существенно снижает их доступность странам с ограниченными экономическими возможностями. Несмотря на это, в период пандемии COVID-19 именно м-РНК стала платформой для создания западными странами (США и Германия) вакцин против SARS-CoV-2. Наиболее активно развивающиеся направления в разработке м-РНК вакцин против инфекционных заболеваний, кроме COVID-19 стали: вакцины против гриппа, респираторно-синцитиального вируса, бешенства, малярии, ВИЧ, вируса Эбола, вируса Зика и цитомегаловируса. Пептидные вакцины, несмотря на удобство транспортировки, нуждаются в усилении иммуногенности различными адъювантами, а также довольно затруднительны в производстве из-за сложности формирования четвертичной структуры белковых эпитопов антигена возбудителя. До настоящего времени первую и вторую стадию клинических испытаний прошли зарубежные пептидные вакцины против следующих возбудителей: гриппа, ВИЧ-инфекции, гепатита С, туберкулеза, малярии, лейшманиоза. Как мРНК, так и пептидные вакцины в организме человека подвергаются быстрому разрушению, что побуждает разработчиков осваивать новые молекулярные методы доставки матрицы вакцины в клетки-мишени.

Relevance. Pandemic pathogen variants formation is a pressing issue of modern healthcare system thus classic approaches of preventive measures against infectious diseases require revision including implementation of effective, safe, universal and rapid methods of vaccine production.Aim. To conduct analysis of scientific literature concerning peculiarities of m-RNA and peptide vaccines. Search of publications was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and e-library databases.Conclusions. In addition to obvious advantages both vaccine platforms have disadvantages. m-RNA vaccines are thermally unstable and need to be stored and transported at temperature not exceeding minus 80 °C which significantly reduces their availability in countries with low income. m-RNA vaccine platform was chosen to manufacture vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in Western countries (USA and Germany) during the COVID-19 pandemic despite the mentioned disadvantage. Most perspective mRNA vaccine prototypes vaccine were designed to combat influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rabies, malaria, HIV, Ebola virus, Zika virus and cytomegalovirus. Peptide vaccines are undemanding to external factors such as temperature of storage and transportation. On the other hand, they need to be more immunogenic which is achieved by adding various adjuvants. They are also challenging to manufacture due complexity of quaternary structure of protein epitopes of antigens. To date, foreign peptide vaccines against influenza, HIV infection, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, malaria, and leishmaniasis have passed the first and second stages of clinical trials. Both mRNA and peptide vaccines undergo rapid degradation in human body, which prompts scientists to develop new molecular methods for delivering the vaccine matrix to target cells

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.