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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2025-24-1-90-100</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-2172</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Обзор управляемых факторов риска развития злокачественных новообразований органов пищеварения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Review of Controllable Risk Factors for the Development of Malignant Neoplasms of the Digestive Organs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2327-9843</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даулетназаров</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dauletnazarov</surname><given-names>N. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наурыз Каирбаевич Даулетназаров – аспирант кафедры эпидемиологии и доказательной медицины Института общественно-го здоровья им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана Первого</p><p>Москва</p><p>+7 (916) 376-99-33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauriz K. Dauletnazarov – postgraduate student at the Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine of Erismann Institute of Public Health</p><p>Moscow</p><p>+7 (916) 376-99-33</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dauletnazarov_n_k@student.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-9566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вязовиченко</surname><given-names>Ю. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyazovichenko</surname><given-names>Y. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Евгеньевич Вязовиченко – д. м. н., профессор кафедры эпидемиологии и доказательной медицины Института общественного здоровья им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана</p><p>Москва</p><p>+7 (916) 518-79-96</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury E. Vyazovichenko – Dr. Sci. (Med), Professor of the Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine of Erismann Institute of Public Health</p><p>Moscow</p><p>+7 (916) 518-79-96</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vyazovichenko_yu_e@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3835-0842</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торчинский</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Torchinsky</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Викторович Торчинский – к. м. н., доцент кафедры эпидемиологии и доказательной медицины Института общественного здоровья им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана</p><p>Москва</p><p>+7 (926) 313-01-71</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay V. Torchinsky – Cand. Sci. (Med), associate professor of the Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine of Erismann Institute of Public Health</p><p>Moscow</p><p>+7 (926) 313-01-71</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">torchinsky75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Даулетназаров Н.К., Вязовиченко Ю.Е., Торчинский Н.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Даулетназаров Н.К., Вязовиченко Ю.Е., Торчинский Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dauletnazarov N.K., Vyazovichenko Y.E., Torchinsky N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2172">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2172</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Известно, что злокачественные новообразования развиваются в течение долгого периода времени, под постоянным влиянием факторов риска. Среди них науке известны некоторые биологические агенты, курение и употребление алкоголя. На современном этапе изучается возможность влияния таких факторов риска, как нарушения сна, характер питания, ожирение и избыточная масса тела.Цель. Оценить по данным литературы степень влияния некоторых факторов риска на развитие ЗНО органов пищеварения.Материалы и методы. Были изучены результаты 130 статей, опубликованных российскими и зарубежными исследователями, из которых отобрано 31 исследование, отвечающее требованиям критерия отбора и соответствующее целям исследования. На основании представленных в исследованиях данных был проведен анализ относительных рисков, отношений шансов и коэффициентов риска некоторых управляемых факторов риска развития ЗНО органов пищеварения.Результаты и обсуждение. Среди наиболее известных факторов риска развития рака выделяется H. pylori, который способствует развитию рака желудка (отношение шансов (ОШ) – 2,39 (95% ДИ [1,53–3,74]). Алкоголь, как канцероген первой группы (по классификации ВОЗ), повышает риск развития рака пищевода в два раза (95% ДИ [1,66–2,40]), печени – в 1,83 раза (95% ДИ [1,39–2,40]), рака желудка – в 1,54 раза (95% ДИ [1,10–2,15]). Доказано, что курение вызывает чаще рак кардии желудка (коэффициент шансов (КШ) – 4,10 (95% ДИ [1,76–9,57]), чем его дистальных отделов (КШ – 1,94 (95% ДИ [1,05–3,60]). Также большое число исследований направлено на изучение влияния питания на развитие рака. К примеру, потребление 100 г/день красного и переработанного мяса ассоциировалось с развитие рака толстой кишки и прямой кишки (ОШ – 1,25, 95% ДИ [1,10–1,43] и ОШ – 1,31, 95% ДИ [1,13–1,52] соответственно). При этом ученые указывают на связь повышенного индекса массы тела с риском развития аденокарциномы пищевода (ОШ – 1,10 [95% ДИ 1,04–1,17]). Также доказана защитная роль сладкого чая и потребление пищи в свежем виде от развития ЗНО органов пищеварения (ОШ – 0,26 (ДИ 95% [0,14–0,47] и ОШ – 0,57 (ДИ 95% [0,37–0,88] соответственно). Наряду с вышеуказанными факторами риска развития ЗНО в литературе отмечаются нарушений сна и депрессия.Заключение. Наличие таких факторов риска, как наличие H. pylori, нерациональное и несбалансированное питание, табакокурение и чрезмерное употребление алкоголя оказывает существенное влияние на развитие рака органов пищеварения. Все эти факторы риска управляемы и требуют дальнейшего углубленного изучения для разработки комплекса профилактических мер, ведущих к снижению риска развития ЗНО органов пищеварения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. It is known that malignant neoplasms develop over a long period, under the constant influence of risk factors. Among them some biological agents, smoking and alcohol consumption are known to science. At the present stage the possibility of influence of such risk factors as sleep disorders, eating habits, obesity and overweight is being studied.Aim. To estimate, according to the literature data, the degree of influence of some controllable risk factors on the development of malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs.Materials and methods. The results of 130 articles conducted by Russian and foreign researchers were studied, from which 31 studies were selected that met the requirements of the selection criteria and corresponded to the objectives of the study. Based on the data presented in the studies, we analyzed relative risks, odds ratios and risk ratios of some controllable risk factors for the development of malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs.Results and Discussion. H. pylori, which contributes to the development of gastric cancer (OR 2.39 [95% CI 1.53–3.74]), stands out among the best-known cancer risk factors. Alcohol, a group 1 carcinogen (WHO), increases the risk (OR) of esophageal cancer by a factor of 2 [95% CI 1.66–2.40], liver cancer by a factor of 1.83 [95% CI 1.39–2.40] and gastric cancer by a factor of 1.54 [95% CI 1.10–2.15]. Smoking has been shown to cause more gastric cardia cancer (Hazard ratio/КШ 4.10 [95% CI: 1.76–9.57]) than distal gastric cancer (КШ 1.94 [95% CI: 1.05–3.60]). Most of the trials also focused on the effect of dietary habits on the development of cancer. For example, consumption of 100 g/day of red and processed meat was associated with the development of colorectal cancer (OR – 1.25, [95% CI: 1.10–1.43] and OR – 1.31, [95% CI: 1.13–1.52], respectively). Meanwhile, the researchers found an association between increased BMI and the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR, 1.10 [95% CI 1.04–1.17]). Sweet tea and fresh food consumption have also been shown to play a protective role against the development of gastrointestinal cancer (OR 0.26 [95% CI 0.14–0.47] and OR 0.57 [95% CI 0.37–0.88], respectively). In addition, the literature suggests a positive effect of sleep disorders and depression on the development of cancer.Conclusions. The presence of lifestyle risk factors such as the presence of H.pylori, consumption of fried and stale foods, daily consumption of red and processed meat of 100g or more has a significant impact on the development of digestive organ cancer. In addition, known WHO eradicable factors such as tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption have evidence of their influence on the development of digestive cancers. However, these risk factors require further in-depth study to develop systematic prevention measures. However, all the risk factors studied are manageable. If their influence is reduced or eliminated from human activity, the risk of developing digestive organ cancer is significantly reduced.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак</kwd><kwd>фактор риска</kwd><kwd>относительный риск</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd><kwd>эрадикация</kwd><kwd>табакокурение</kwd><kwd>потребление алкоголя</kwd><kwd>нарушения сна</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cancer</kwd><kwd>risk factor</kwd><kwd>relative risk</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>eradication</kwd><kwd>smoking</kwd><kwd>alcohol consumption</kwd><kwd>sleep disorders</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Международное агентство по изучению рака (МАИР), Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ). Глобальное бремя онкологических заболеваний растет параллельно с ростом потребности в услугах [Интернет]. 2024. 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