Relevance. Although the incidence of Hib infection has decreased in the last three decades, it is still significant. Even with appropriate treatment, the case-fatality rate can be as high as 5%. Up to 40% of children with infection may suffer lifelong complications. Although Hib infection is classified as vaccine-preventable, WHO and CDC do not post annual incidence information on their resources, unlike other vaccine-preventable infections. Therefore, an assessment of the global epidemic situation can only be based on the results of studies conducted in different countries.Objective. To assess the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection in selected countries of the world and the Russian Federation against the background of the introduction of specific vaccine prophylaxis.Conclusion. The incidence of invasive Hib infection in countries where vaccination against this infection is unavailable or has only recently been included in national vaccination programmes depends on maintaining high vaccination coverage and well-functioning surveillance systems. The persistently low incidence in all countries that have introduced Hib vaccine illustrates the success of routine vaccination programmes in providing effective protection to vaccinees and promoting collective immunity. However, the continued detection of cases of invasive forms of Haemophilus influenzae infection raises concerns that other serotypes may be displaced if mass immunisation with serotype b vaccine is carried out globally.