epidemiologyЭпидемиология и ВакцинопрофилактикаEpidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention2073-30462619-0494«Numicom» LLC10.31631/2073-3046-2025-24-5-24-34epidemiology-2304Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESСовременные тенденции распространения менингококковой инфекции и возможности вакцинопрофилактикиCurrent Trends in Meningococcal Infection and Possibilities of Vaccine Preventionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0578-146XКоролеваИ. С.KorolevaI. S.

Ирина Станиславовна Королева – д. м. н., советник директора по аналитической работе в области гнойных бактериальных менингитов

Москва

Irina S. Koroleva – Dr. Sci. (Med.), Advisor to the Director

Moscow

 

irina-korol@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-5829ЧуриловаН. С.ChurilovaN. S.

Надежда Сергеевна Чурилова – научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологии менингококковой инфекции и гнойных бактериальных менингитов

Москва

Nadezhda S. Churilova – Researcher, Laboratory of Epidemiology of Meningococcal Infection and Purulent Bacterial Meningitis

Moscow

n27101996@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2714-1191ДавыденкоМ. А.DavydenkoM. A.

Мария Александровна Давыденко – д. м. н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологии менингококковой инфекции и гнойныхбактериальных менингитов

Москва

Maria A. Davydenko – Dr. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, Laboratory ofEpidemiology of Meningococcal Infection and Purulent Bacterial Meningitis

Moscow

korolevamaria389@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-4694-8272ПивневаМ. В.PivnevaM. V.

Мария Викторовна Пивнева – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологии менингококковой инфекции и гнойных бактериальных менингитов

Москва

Maria V. Pivneva – Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Epidemiology of Meningococcal Infection and Purulent Bacterial Meningitis

Moscow

pivneva@cmd.suМироновК. О.MironovK. O.

Константин Олегович Миронов – д. м. н., заведующий лабораторией молекулярных методов изучения генетических полиморфизмов

Москва

Konstantin O. Mironov – Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head, Laboratory of MolecularMethods for Genetic Polymorphisms Research

Moscow

ФБУН «Центральный НИИ эпидемиологии» РоспотребнадзораРоссияCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology of RospotrebnadzorRussian Federation20251211202524524­-34Copyright © Королева И.С., Чурилова Н.С., Давыденко М.А., Пивнева М.В., Миронов К.О., 20252025Королева И.С., Чурилова Н.С., Давыденко М.А., Пивнева М.В., Миронов К.О.Koroleva I.S., Churilova N.S., Davydenko M.A., Pivneva M.V., Mironov K.O.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2304

Актуальность. Менингококковая инфекция (МИ) характеризуется крайне изменчивой эпидемиологией, непредсказуемым исходом заболевания, сложностью постановки диагноза, высоким уровнем летальности и инвалидизации и вовлечением в эпидемический процесс преимущественно детей младшего возраста. Цель. Выявить эпидемиологические проявления менингококковой инфекции в Российской Федерации за одиннадцатилетний период наблюдения (2014–2024 гг.) и за трехмесячный период 2025 г. (январь – март). Материалы и методы. Для анализа официальных данных о заболеваемости МИ в РФ использовали форму 1 и форму 2 Государственной статистической отчетности «Сведения об инфекционной и паразитарной заболеваемости» за 2014 – 2024 гг. и форму 1 за январь – март 2025 г. Помимо официальной статистической отчетности проведен анализ случаев генерализованной формы менингококковой инфекции (ГФМИ), основанный на данных отчетных форм № 1 Российского Референс-центра по мониторингу за бактериальными менингитами (РЦБМ). Результаты. Среднемноголетний показатель заболеваемости (СМП) ГФМИ за 2014–2024 гг. составил 0,45 на 100 тыс. населения. В эпидемический процесс наиболее активно был вовлечен Центральный федеральный округ, а среди субъектов РФ – Москва. Преобладала заболеваемость среди детей до 1 года. Наибольший показатель смертности определен среди детей 0–17 лет (СМП 0,27 на 100 тыс. населения). Наблюдались изменения в серогрупповом пейзаже штаммов менингококка со сменой лидирующей в 2022 г. серогруппы А на лидирующую в 2023 и 2024 гг. серогруппу W. На фоне относительного эпидемиологического благополучия начиная с декабря 2024 г. и за первые 3 месяца 2025 г. заболеваемость в РФ увеличилась в 4,4 раза. В разрезе территорий устойчивое нарастание заболеваемости наблюдалось только в Москве – в 5,6 раза. В первые 3 месяца 2025 г. лидирующей серогруппой определена серогруппа А (до 65 %). Проведенный анализ заболеваемости за первые 3 месяца 2025 г. позволяет констатировать, что эпидемический процесс менингококковой инфекции в Москве отражает эпидемический процесс в целом по Российской Федерации. Заключение. Учитывая изменения в эпидемиологии менингококковой инфекции, выявление предпосылок осложнения эпидемиологической ситуации, наличие значительных миграционных потоков, преимущественное вовлечение в эпидемический процесс детей до 1 года, постоянные изменения в серогрупповом пейзаже инвазивных штаммов менингококка требуется расширение масштабов вакцинации в рамках региональных календарей профилактических прививок и безотлагательное включение вакцинации детей первого года жизни в Национальный календарь профилактических прививок с использованием многокомпонентных вакцин.

Relevance. Meningococcal infection is characterized by highly variable epidemiology, unpredictable disease outcomes, difficulty in diagnosis, high mortality and disability rates, and a predominantly young child epidemic. Aim. To identify the epidemiological manifestations of meningococcal infection in the Russian Federation over an eleven-year observation period (2014–2024) and over a three-month period in 2025 (January–March). Materials and Methods. To analyze official incidence rates in the Russian Federation, Forms 1 and 2 of the State Statistical Reporting "Information on Infectious and Parasitic Morbidity" for 2014–2024 and Form 1 for January–March 2025 were used. In addition to official statistical reporting, an analysis of cases of generalized meningococcal infection (GFMI) was conducted based on data from reporting forms No. 1 of the Russian Reference Center for Monitoring Bacterial Meningitis (RCBM). Results. The average annual incidence rate (AAR) of generalized meningococcal infection (GMII) for 2014-2024 was 0.45 per 100,000 population. The Central Federal District (FD), and Moscow among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, were most actively involved in the epidemic process. The incidence rate was predominantly among children under 1 year of age. The highest mortality rate was determined among children aged 0-17 years (AAR 0.27 per 100,000 population). Changes in the serogroup landscape of meningococcal strains were observed, with a shift from serogroup A, the leading serogroup in 2022, to serogroup W, the leading serogroup in 2023 and 2024. Against a background of relative epidemiological well-being, starting in December 2024 and over the first 3 months of 2025, the incidence rate in the Russian Federation increased by 4.4 times. Across regions, a steady increase in incidence was observed only in Moscow, where the rate increased 5.6-fold. Serogroup A was identified as the leading serogroup (up to 65 %). An analysis of incidence for the first three months of 2025 allows us to conclude that the meningococcal epidemic in Moscow reflects the epidemic in the Russian Federation as a whole. Conclusion. Given changes in the epidemiology of meningococcal infection, the identification of prerequisites for aggravating the epidemiological situation, the presence of significant migration flows, the predominant involvement of children under 1 year of age in the epidemic, and constant changes in the serogroup landscape of invasive meningococcal strains, it is necessary to expand the scope of vaccination within the regional immunization schedules and immediately include vaccination of children in the first year of life in the National Immunization Schedule using multicomponent vaccines.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.