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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2025-24-6-92-105</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-2343</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вирусные пандемии: история, причины, последствия и стратегии борьбы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Viral pandemics: history, causes, consequences and control strategies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волкова Наталья Владимировна, к. б. н., ведущий специалист отдела сопровождения проектов Координационного центра исследований и разработок в области медицинской науки</p><p>125206, Москва, ул. Вучетича, 12</p><p>+7 (495) 618-22-01 (доб. 804)</p><p>+7 (926) 363-53- 84</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Volkova Natalya V., Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Leading specialist of the project support department of the coordination center for research and development in the field of medical science</p><p>12, Vuchetich street, Moscow, 125206</p><p>+7 (495) 618-22-01 (ext.) 804</p><p>+7 (926) 363-53-84</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkovanv@mednet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котельникова</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotelnikova</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Геннадьевна Котельникова – к. фарм. н., ведущий специалист отдела экспертизы Координационного центра исследований и разработок в области медицинской науки</p><p>+7 (495) 191-91-94 (доб.) 0323</p><p>+7 (495) 618-22-01 (доб. 814)</p><p>+7 (916) 164-42-11</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina G. Kotelnikova  – Cand. Sci. (Pharm.), Leading specialist of department of the coordination center for research and development in the field of medical science </p><p>Moscow</p><p>+7 (495) 191-91-94 (ext.) 0323</p><p>+7 (495) 618-22-01 (ext. 814)</p><p>+7  (916)  164-42-11</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kotelnikovaig@mednet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2305-4936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галицына</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galitsyna</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Валерьевна Галицына  – к. б. н., ведущий специалист отдела сопровождения проектов Координационного центра исследований и  разработок в  области медицинской науки</p><p>Москва</p><p>+7 (495) 618-22-01 (доб. 716)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Galitsyna  – Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Leading specialist of the project support department of the coordination center for research and development in the field of medical science</p><p>Moscow</p><p>7 (495) 618-22-01 (ext. 716)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galitsynaev@mednet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт организации и информатизации здравоохранения» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Institute of Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волкова Н.В., Котельникова И.Г., Галицына Е.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова Н.В., Котельникова И.Г., Галицына Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova N.V., Kotelnikova I.G., Galitsyna E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2343">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2343</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Вирусные пандемии представляют глобальную угрозу для здоровья населения и экономики и несут колоссальную нагрузку на системы здравоохранения многих стран. Исторические примеры, такие как Антонинова чума, «испанка» и  пандемия SARS-CoV-2, демонстрируют их разрушительное воздействие на демографию и социальную стабильность. Современные факторы, включающие урбанизацию, интенсивную миграцию населения, тесный контакт с животными и высокий темп изменчивости РНК-вирусов, повышают вероятность новых пандемий. Изучение истории, причин и последствий пандемий, а также разработка стратегий борьбы с ними остаются приоритетными задачами эпидемиологии, вирусологии и  вакцинопрофилактики.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Анализ накопленных данных в области эпидемиологических и вирусологических исследований, посвященных изучению географии, филогенетики, геоэпидемиологии РНК-вирусов, вызвавших наиболее масштабные вспышки заболеваемости за последнее столетие; оценка современных стратегий предотвращения и контроля пандемий с акцентом на роли эпидемиологического надзора.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен обзор научной литературы, включая исторические источники, эпидемиологические данные и результаты молекулярно-генетических исследований. Проведен анализ пандемий, вызванных вирусами гриппа А (H1N1, H2N2, H3N2), коронавирусами (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) и филовирусами (Эбола, Марбург). Изучены механизмы реассортации и мутаций РНК-вирусов, а также влияние антропогенных и биотических факторов на их распространение. Рассмотрены данные ВОЗ, российских и международных исследований, включая отечественную платформу VGARus для агрегирования данных о геномах циркулирующих вирусов SARS-CoV-2.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Вирусы гриппа А и коронавирусы обладают высоким пандемическим потенциалом из-за изменчивости, зоонозного происхождения и способности к воздушно-капельной передаче. Пандемии XX–XXI веков, включая «испанку» (1918–1919) и SARS-CoV2 (2019–2025), оказали значительное влияние на демографию, экономику и развитие медицины. Филовирусы вызывают локальные вспышки с высокой летальностью, но их эпидемический потенциал ограничен отсутствием воздушно-капельного пути передачи и эндемической формой существования. Современные технологии геномного надзора, такие как GISRS и VGARus, позволяют отслеживать эволюцию вирусов, благодаря чему становится возможным регулярное обновление штаммового состава вакцин. Пандемия COVID-19 подчеркнула важность цифровизации, телемедицины и оперативных регуляторных мер с применением доступных ресурсов. Однако бессимптомное течение и  быстрая эволюция вирусов усложняют контроль за ситуацией развития вспышек подобных заболеваний.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Вирусные пандемии остаются неизбежной угрозой, требующей комплексного подхода к их предотвращению и контролю. Успехи в вакцинопрофилактике, геномном надзоре и цифровизации здравоохранения демонстрируют потенциал для минимизации последствий будущих пандемий. Критически важны международное сотрудничество, своевременные регуляторные меры и развитие национальных систем биобезопасности для оперативного реагирования на новые патогены.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Viral pandemics pose a global threat to public health and economics, placing an enormous burden on health systems in many countries. Historical examples such as the Antonine plague, the Spanish flu, and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, demonstrate their devastating impact on demographics and social stability. Modern factors, including urbanization, intensive population migration, close contacts with animals, and a high rate of RNA virus variability, increase the likelihood of new pandemics. Analyzing the history, causes, and consequences of pandemics, as well as developing control strategies, remain priorities for epidemiology, virology, and vaccine prevention.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To analyze accumulated data in the field of epidemiological and virological research on geography, phylogenetics, and geoepidemiology of RNA viruses that have caused the largest outbreaks of diseases over the past century; and to evaluate modern strategies for preventing and managing pandemics with a focus on epidemiological surveillance.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The authors have reviewed scientific literature, including historical sources, epidemiological data, and findings of molecular genetic research. The analysis of pandemics caused by influenza A (H1N1, H2N2, H3N2) viruses, coronaviruses (SARSCoV-1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg) has been undertaken. The mechanisms of reassortment and mutation of RNA viruses, as well as the influence of anthropogenic and biotic factors on their spread have been studied. WHO data, Russian and international studies, including the domestic VGARus platform for aggregating data on the genomes of circulating SARS-CoV-2 viruses, have been explored.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Influenza A viruses and coronaviruses have a high pandemic potential due to their variability, zoonotic origin, and ability to airborne transmission. Pandemics of the XX–XXI centuries, including the “Spanish flu” (1918-1919) and SARS-CoV2 (2019-2025), have demonstrated a significant impact on demographics, economics and medicine development. Filoviruses cause local outbreaks with high mortality, yet their epidemic potential is limited due to the lack of an airborne transmission mechanism and an endemic nature of their existence. Modern genomic surveillance technologies such as GISRS and VGARus, make it possible to monitor the development of viruses, allowing for regular updating of vaccine strains. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of digitalization, telemedicine, and operational regulatory measures with the use of available resources. However, the asymptomatic course and rapid evolution of viruses make it difficult to control the situation with outbreaks.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Viral pandemics remain an unavoidable threat, requiring a comprehensive approach to their prevention and control. Advances in vaccine prevention, genomic surveillance, and health digitalization demonstrate a potential to minimize the effects of future pandemics. International cooperation, timely regulatory measures, and further development of the national biosafety systems for rapid response to new pathogens are critically important.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпидемия</kwd><kwd>пандемия</kwd><kwd>РНК-вирусы</kwd><kwd>вирусы гриппа</kwd><kwd>коронавирусы</kwd><kwd>SARS-Cov-2</kwd><kwd>филовирусы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epidemic</kwd><kwd>pandemic</kwd><kwd>RNA viruses</kwd><kwd>influenza viruses</kwd><kwd>coronaviruses</kwd><kwd>SARS-Cov-2</kwd><kwd>filoviruses</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">История пандемий в фактах. Специальный проект Зеленого портала. Доступно по: http://project.greenbelarus.info/pandemics-in-world. Ссылка активна на 23 января 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Istoria pandemii v faktakh. 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