<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2025-24-6-106-116</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-2344</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>От глобальной элиминации к национальному контролю: эпидемическая ситуация по краснухе в мире и России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>From Global Elimination to National Control: the Rubella Epidemic Situation in the World and the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-3164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баркинхоева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barkinkhoeva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баркинхоева Лаура Алихановна, научный сотрудник исследовательского центра по изучению вирусных воздушно-капельных инфекций</p><p>125212, Москва, Адмирала Макарова, 10</p><p>+7 (985) 626-25-19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Barkinkhoeva Laura A., researcher at the Research Center for the Study of Viral Airborne Infections</p><p>10, Admiral Makarov str., Moscow, 125212</p><p>+7 (985) 626-25-19</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lbarkinkhoevaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>G. N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Баркинхоева Л.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Баркинхоева Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Barkinkhoeva L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2344">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2344</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Краснуха остается значимой проблемой общественного здравоохранения, несмотря на существенные успехи в ее элиминации во многих странах мира. Нарушения программ рутинной иммунизации в период пандемии COVID-19, неравномерный охват вакцинацией в отдельных регионах и наличие восприимчивых групп населения создают условия для сохранения риска завозных случаев, локальных вспышек и регистрации синдрома врожденной краснухи.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Проанализировать современную эпидемическую ситуацию по краснухе в мире и в Российской Федерации, оценить тенденции заболеваемости и охвата вакцинацией, а также основные подходы к вакцинопрофилактике и поддержанию факта элиминации.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведенный анализ свидетельствует о сохраняющихся различиях эпидемиологической ситуации по краснухе в отдельных регионах мира при общем снижении заболеваемости. Даже в странах, достигших элиминации, сохраняется риск возобновления передачи инфекции при наличии непривитых когорт и групп риска. Поддержание факта элиминации требует высокого охвата вакцинацией, эффективного эпидемиологического надзора и реализации догоняющих прививочных кампаний, с особым акцентом на профилактику синдрома врожденной краснухи.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Rubella remains a significant public health concern despite substantial progress in its elimination in many countries worldwide. Disruptions to routine immunization programs during the COVID-19 pandemic, uneven vaccination coverage in certain regions, and the presence of population groups create conditions for the continued risk of importation, localized outbreaks, and the occurrence of congenital rubella syndrome.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To analyze the current epidemiological situation of rubella worldwide and in the Russian Federation, assess trends in incidence and vaccination coverage, and review key approaches to vaccination strategies and maintenance of elimination status.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The analysis demonstrates persistent heterogeneity in the epidemiological situation of rubella across different regions of the world despite an overall decline in incidence. Even in countries that have achieved elimination, the risk of renewed transmission persists in the presence of unvaccinated cohorts and population groups at increased risk. Maintaining elimination status requires high vaccination coverage, effective epidemiological surveillance, and the implementation of catch-up immunization campaigns, with particular emphasis on the prevention of congenital rubella syndrome.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>краснуха</kwd><kwd>синдром врожденной краснухи</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>элиминация</kwd><kwd>ВОЗ</kwd><kwd>вакцина</kwd><kwd>содержащая краснушный компонент (RCV)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rubella</kwd><kwd>congenital rubella syndrome</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>elimination</kwd><kwd>WHO</kwd><kwd>rubella-containing vaccine (RCV)</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rubella [Internet]. In: Surveillance Manual. Chapter 14. Atlanta: CDC; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 20]. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-14-rubella.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rubella [Internet]. In: Surveillance Manual. Chapter 14. Atlanta: CDC; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 20]. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-14-rubella.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambert N, et al. Review of congenital rubella syndrome and rubella infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2022;36(1):35–47. ,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J. Review of congenital rubella syndrome and rubella infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2022;36(1):35–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome: Key facts [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome: Key facts [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/rubella</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gastañaduy PA, et al. Rubella elimination: lessons learned and next steps. Vaccine. 2023;41(7):1531–1542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gastañaduy PA, Budd J, Fisher-Hoch S, et al. Rubella elimination: lessons learned and next steps. Vaccine. 2023;41(7):1531–1542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Measles and Rubella Strategic Framework 2021–2030 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/measles-and-rubella-strategic-framework-2021-2030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Measles and Rubella Strategic Framework 2021–2030 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/measles-and-rubella-strategic-framework-2021-2030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNICEF/WUENIC. Global Immunization Coverage Estimates [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/WUENIC_notes_for_AllCountries_2024rev.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNICEF/WUENIC. Global Immunization Coverage Estimates [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/WUENIC_notes_for_AllCountries_2024rev.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Rubella Elimination Progress Report, African Region [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://immunizationdata.who.int/dashboard/regions/african-regionImmunization Data+1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Rubella Elimination Progress Report, African Region [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://immunizationdata.who.int/dashboard/regions/african-region</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization, SouthEast Asia Region. Rubella surveillance and vaccination data [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/measles-and-rubella-elimination</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization, South-East Asia Region. Rubella surveillance and vaccination data [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/measles-and-rubella-elimination</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moss WJ, Griffin DE. Global progress toward rubella elimination. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(4):452–460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moss WJ, Griffin DE. Global progress toward rubella elimination. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(4):452–460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Winter AK, Moss WJ. Rubella. Lancet. 2022;399(10332):1336-1346. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02691-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Winter AK, Moss WJ. Rubella. Lancet. 2022;399(10332):1336–1346. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02691-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CDC. Global Burden of Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome, 2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2025;74(12):105–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CDC. Global Burden of Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome, 2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2025;74(12):105–113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Rubella and CRS elimination status update [Internet]. Washington, DC; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.paho.org/en/topics/rubella PAHO</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Rubella and CRS elimination status update [Internet]. Washington, DC: PAHO; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.paho.org/en/topics/rubella</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization (WHO). Global Rubella Elimination Initiative: Progress Report 2025 [Internet]. Geneva; 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/search?query=Global+Rubella+Elimination+Initiative+2025 PMC+1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization (WHO). Global Rubella Elimination Initiative: Progress Report 2025 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/search?query=Global+Rubella+Elimination+Initiative+2025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinoshita R, Arai S, Suzuki M, Nishiura H. Identifying the population susceptible to rubella in Japan, 2020: Fine-scale risk mapping. J Infect Public Health. 2024;17(5):1023–1030. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kinoshita R, Arai S, Suzuki M, Nishiura H. Identifying the population susceptible to rubella in Japan, 2020: Fine-scale risk mapping. J Infect Public Health. 2024;17(5):1023– 1030. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmerman LA, Knapp JK, Antoni S, Grant GB, Reef SE. Progress toward rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination – worldwide, 2012-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(6):196–201. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7106a2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmerman LA, Knapp JK, Antoni S, Grant GB, Reef SE. Progress toward rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination—worldwide, 2012-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(6):196–201. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7106a2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Measles and Rubella Monitoring Report [Internet]. Stockholm; 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https:// www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/measles-and-rubella-monitoring-report-2025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Measles and Rubella Monitoring Report [Internet]. Stockholm: ECDC; 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/measles-and-rubella-monitoring-report-2025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knapp JK, Mariano KM, Pastore R, Grabovac V, Takashima Y, Alexander JP Jr, et al. Progress toward rubella elimination–Western Pacific Region, 2000-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(24):744–750. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6924a4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knapp JK, Mariano KM, Pastore R, Grabovac V, Takashima Y, Alexander JP Jr, et al. Progress toward rubella elimination—Western Pacific Region, 2000-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(24):744–750. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6924a4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ECDC. Rubella and CRS surveillance data in EU/EEA [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella-crs-surveillance-data-eu-eea</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ECDC. Rubella and CRS surveillance data in EU/EEA [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rubella-crs-surveillance-dataeu-eea</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Национальный календарь профилактических прививок [Электронный ресурс]. Москва: Минздрав РФ; 2025 [цит. 22 окт. 2025]. Доступно по ссылке: https://msch59.ru/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/20-nacionalnyj_kalendar_profilakticheskih_privivok_compressed.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. National Immunization Schedule [Internet]. Moscow: Ministry of Health; 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 22]. Available at: https://msch59.ru/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/20-nacionalnyj_kalendar_profilakticheskih_privivok_compressed.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харит С.М., Мельникова И.Н., Черкасская О.В. Эпидемиологические аспекты надзора за краснухой в постэлиминационный период. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2023;22(3):45–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharit SM, Melnikova IN, Cherkasskaya OV. Epidemiological aspects of rubella surveillance in the post-elimination period. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2023;22(3):45–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рожкова Л.Ю., Усков А.Н. Современные проблемы вакцинопрофилактики кори и краснухи в России. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2024;23(1):17–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozhkova LY, Uskov AN. Current issues of measles and rubella vaccination in Russia. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2024;23(1):17–25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Роспотребнадзор. Итоги эпидемиологического надзора за краснухой в Российской Федерации в 2024 г.. Москва; 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rospotrebnadzor. Results of epidemiological surveillance of rubella in the Russian Federation in 2024. Moscow; 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пименов Н.В., Дроздова И.В. Анализ охватов профилактическими прививками против кори и краснухи в РФ. Инфекционные болезни: новости, мнения, обучение. 2023;12(2):41–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pimenov NV, Drozdova IV. Analysis of coverage with preventive vaccinations against measles and rubella in the Russian Federation. Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training. 2023;12(2):41–48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черкасская О.В., Козлова Н.А. Особенности сероэпидемиологического мониторинга иммунной прослойки населения к вирусу краснухи. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2022;99(4):72–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherkasskaya OV, Kozlova NA. Features of seroepidemiological monitoring of population immunity to rubella virus. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2022;99(4):72–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Усков А.Н., Рожкова Л.Ю. Надзор за краснухой в России в условиях пандемии COVID-19. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2022;21(4):23–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uskov AN, Rozhkova LY. Rubella surveillance in Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2022;21(4):23–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muscat M, et al. Maintaining measles and rubella elimination in the European Region. Vaccine. 2024;42(5):812–819.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muscat M, et al. Maintaining measles and rubella elimination in the European Region. Vaccine. 2024;42(5):812–819.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ВОЗ. Guidance on post-pandemic recovery of routine immunization services. Geneva: WHO; 2023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Guidance on post-pandemic recovery of routine immunization services. Geneva: WHO; 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaminska A., Plata-Nazar K. Mandatory childhood vaccinations in Poland – The art of preventing the preventable. Vaccines. 2022;10(11):1–14. doi:10.3390/vaccines10111806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaminska A, Plata-Nazar K. Mandatory childhood vaccinations in Poland–The art of preventing the preventable. Vaccines. 2022;10(11):1–14. doi:10.3390/vaccines10111806</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ujiie M. Rubella resurgence in Japan, 2018–2019. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2019;26(6):taz047. doi:10.1093/jtm/taz047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ujiie M. Rubella resurgence in Japan, 2018-2019. J Travel Med. 2019;26(6):taz047. doi:10.1093/jtm/taz047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Child mortality (under 5 years) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 8]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/levels-andtrends-in-child-under-5-mortality-in-2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Child mortality (under 5 years) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 8]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/levels-andtrends-in-child-under-5-mortality-in-2020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
