<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2026-26-2-112-123</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-2409</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Внутрибольничные вспышки инвазивного кандидоза: обзор литературы и обобщение эпидемиологических данных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nosocomial Outbreaks of Invasive Candidiasis: A Literature Review and Synthesis of Epidemiological Data</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0666-6068</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Любимова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Liubimova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любимова Анна Викторовна, д. м. н., профессор, профессор кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии </p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Liubimova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfection</p><p>41, st. Kirochnaya, St. Petersburg, 191015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Anna.Lyubimova@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1890-5329</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Юрьевич Алексеев – аспирант кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии, м. н. с. НИЛ микологического мониторинга и биологии грибов НИИ медицинской микологии им. П.Н. Кашкина</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey Y. Alekseev – graduate student of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfection, Junior Research Fellow, Research Laboratory of Mycological Monitoring and Fungal Biology, Research Institute of Medical Mycology named after P.N. Kashkin</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrei.alekseev@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3693-5468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Всеволодовна Васильева – д. б. н., профессор, директор Научно-исследовательского института медицинской микологии им. П. Н. Кашкина, зав. кафедрой медицинской микробиологии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya V. Vasilyeva – Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Director of the Research Institute of Medical Mycology named after P.N. Kashkin, Head of the Department of Medical Microbiology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Natalya.Vasileva@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-687X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богомолова</surname><given-names>Т. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogomolova</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Сергеевна Богомолова – к. б. н., заведующая НИЛ микологического мониторинга и биологии грибов НИИ медицинской микологии им. П.Н. Кашкина, доцент кафедры медицинской микробиологии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana S. Bogomolova – Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head of the Research Laboratory of Mycological Monitoring and Fungal Biology, Research Institute of Medical Mycology named after P.N. Kashkin; Associate Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogomol52@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-8970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борзова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borzova</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Владимировна Борзова – к. м. н., заведующая микологической клиникой, доцент кафедры медицинской микробиологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia V. Borzova – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Mycology Clinic, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuliya.borzova@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9547-0192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Андреевна Лебедева – к. м. н., ассистент кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Lebedeva – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfection</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">E.Lebedeva@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1519-5299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мохов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokho</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Сергеевич Мохов – к. м. н., ассистент кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey S. Mokhov – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfection</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Aleksei.Mokhov@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Любимова А.В., Алексеев А.Ю., Васильева Н.В., Богомолова Т.С., Борзова Ю.В., Лебедева Е.А., Мохов А.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Любимова А.В., Алексеев А.Ю., Васильева Н.В., Богомолова Т.С., Борзова Ю.В., Лебедева Е.А., Мохов А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Liubimova A.V., Alekseev A.Y., Vasilyeva N.V., Bogomolova T.S., Borzova Y.V., Lebedeva E.A., Mokho A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2409">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2409</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Высокая частота госпитализаций иммунокомпрометированных пациентов, использование инвазивных устройств и применение антибактериальных лекарственных средств способствуют внутрибольничному распространению возбудите- лей инвазивного кандидоза (ИК), в том числе возникновению внутрибольничных вспышек.</p><p>Цель исследования – выявить эпидемиологические характеристики внутрибольничных вспышек инвазивного кандидоза, вызванных различными видами дрожжевых грибов, и обобщить данные о мерах по их купированию на основании опубликованных данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проанализированы данные о вспышках, опубликованных в онлайн-базах данных (Outbreak Database, PubMed, eLibrary). Поиск проводился по ключевым словам: «Candida», «вспышка», «внутрибольничные» и «инфекции, связанные с оказанием медицинской помощи» за период 1977–2025 гг.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В обзор включены 82 вспышки. Выявлены изменения в этиологии опубликованных вспышек – от превалирования C. albicans к преобладанию C. parapsilosis, и с 2016 года – С. auris (Candidozyma auris). Вспышки, вызванные C. auris и C. parapsilosis, характеризовались длительным периодом до их купирования и большим спектром факторов передачи. Вспышки, вызванные резистентными к флуконазолу штаммами, были связаны с высокой летальностью и продолжительностью. Основными факторами передачи являлись руки медицинского персонала и растворы для парентерального питания. Наиболее эффективные меры контроля включали: эпидемиологическое наблюдение, контроль за гигиеной рук, качественную дезинфекцию объектов внешней среды, изоляционно-ограничительные мероприятия и дополнительные стратегии для C. auris.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Внутрибольничные вспышки ИК различаются по продолжительности, летальности и особенностям внутрибольничного распространения в зависимости от вида возбудителя и его чувствительности к противогрибковым препаратам. Эффективность их предупреждения и купирования зависит от сво- евременного выявления колонизированных и инфицированных пациентов, видовой идентификации возбудителя и выбора противоэпидемических мер с учетом вида возбудителя.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Frequent hospitalization of immunocompromised patients, the use of invasive devices, and antibacterial therapy contribute to the nosocomial spread of invasive candidiasis pathogens, including hospital outbreaks.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To characterize, based on published data, the epidemiological features of healthcare-associated outbreaks of invasive candidiasis caused by different yeast species and the measures used for their control.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. We analyzed data from online databases (Outbreak Database, PubMed, eLibrary) using the keywords “Candida,” “outbreak,” “nosocomial,” and “healthcare-associated infections”.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A total of 82 outbreaks reported between 1977 and 2025 were included. The etiological profile of published outbreaks shifted from the predominance of C. albicans to the dominance of C. parapsilosis and, since 2016, C. auris. Outbreaks caused by C. auris and C. parapsilosis were characterized by prolonged duration and a wide range of contributing factors. Outbreaks caused by fluconazole-resistant strains were associated with longer duration and higher mortality. The main transmission factors included healthcare workers’ hands and parenteral nutrition solutions. The most effective control measures included epidemiological surveillance, hand hygiene monitoring, thorough environmental decontamination, isolation and restriction measures, and specialized strategies for C. auris.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Healthcare-associated outbreaks of invasive candidiasis caused by different yeast species differ in duration, mortality, and transmission patterns depending on the pathogen species and their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Their prevention and control depend on timely detection of colonized and infected patients, species-level identification of the pathogen, and appropriate selection of infection control measures depending on the pathogen species.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>грибы рода Candida</kwd><kwd>вспышка</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd><kwd>инфекционный контроль</kwd><kwd>внутрибольничные инфекции</kwd><kwd>грибковые ИСМП</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Candida species</kwd><kwd>outbreak</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>infection control</kwd><kwd>nosocomial infections</kwd><kwd>fungal healthcare- associated infections</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alenazy H, Alghamdi A, Pinto R, et al. Candida colonization as a predictor of invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic ICU patients with sepsis: A systematic review and metaanalysis // Int J Infect Dis. 2021. Vol. 102. P. 357–362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alenazy H, Alghamdi A, Pinto R, et al. Candida colonization as a predictor of invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic ICU patients with sepsis: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:357–362. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.092.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang D, Qi M, Hu Y, et al. The impact of Candida spp airway colonization on clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Am J Infect Control. 2020. Vol. 48, N6. P. 695–701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang D, Qi M, Hu Y, et al. The impact of Candida spp airway colonization on clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(6):695–701. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y, Xu T, Tan Q, et al. Effects of Candida colonization on patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and pathogenic microorganisms: Systematic review and metaanalysis // Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025. Vol. 111, N1. P. 116580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y, Xu T, Tan Q, et al. Effects of Candida colonization on patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and pathogenic microorganisms: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025;111(1):116580. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanna Pharm M., Mazkereth R. Which Patient in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit should Receive Antifungal Prophylaxis Therapy? // Isr Med Assoc J. 2021. Vol. 23, N2. P. 116–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanna Pharm M, Mazkereth R. Which Patient in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit should Receive Antifungal Prophylaxis Therapy? Isr Med Assoc J. 2021;23(2): 116–120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manzoni P, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Rizzollo S, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in neonates // Early Hum Dev. 2011. Vol. 87. Suppl 1. P. S59–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manzoni P, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Rizzollo S, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in neonates. Early Hum Dev. 2011;(87 Suppl 1):59–60. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.01.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Mol W, Bos S, Beeckmans H, et al. Antifungal Prophylaxis After Lung Transplantation: Where Are We Now? // Transplantation. 2021. Vol. 105, N12. P. 2538–2545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Mol W, Bos S, Beeckmans H, et al. Antifungal Prophylaxis After Lung Transplantation: Where Are We Now? Transplantation. 2021;105(12):2538–2545. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003717.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J, Zhou M, Xu JY., et al. Comparison of Antifungal Prophylaxis Drugs in Patients With Hematological Disease or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis // JAMA Netw Open. 2020. Vol. 3, N10. P. e2017652.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J, Zhou M, Xu JY, et al. Comparison of Antifungal Prophylaxis Drugs in Patients With Hematological Disease or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(10):e2017652. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17652.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajadurai SG, Maharajan MK, Veettil SK, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Antifungal Agents in the Prophylaxis of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis among HIV-Infected Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis // Life (Basel). 2022. Vol. 12, N4. P. 515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajadurai SG, Maharajan MK, Veettil SK, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Antifungal Agents in the Prophylaxis of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis among HIV-Infected Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel). 2022;12(4):515. doi: 10.3390/life12040515.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vonberg RP, Weitzel-Kage D, Behnke M, Gastmeier P. Worldwide Outbreak Database: the largest collection of nosocomial outbreaks // Infection. 2011. Vol. 39, N1. P. 29–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vonberg RP, Weitzel-Kage D, Behnke M, et al. Worldwide Outbreak Database: the largest collection of nosocomial outbreaks. Infection. 2011;39(1):29–34. doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0064-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belkin A, Gazit Z, Keller N, et al. Candida auris Infection Leading to Nosocomial Transmission, Israel, 2017 // Emerg Infect Dis. 2018. Vol. 24, N4. P. 801–804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belkin A, Gazit Z, Keller N, et al. Candida auris Infection Leading to Nosocomial Transmission, Israel, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(4):801–804. doi: 10.3201/eid2404.171715.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biswal M, Rudramurthy SM, Jain N, et al. Controlling a possible outbreak of Candida auris infection: lessons learnt from multiple interventions // J Hosp Infect. 2017. Vol. 97, N4. P. 363–370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biswal M, Rudramurthy SM, Jain N, et al. Controlling a possible outbreak of Candida auris infection: lessons learnt from multiple interventions. Hosp Infect. 2017;97(4):363– 370. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.09.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruiz-Gaitán A, Moret AM, Tasias-Pitarch M, et al. An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonisation and candidaemia in a tertiary care European hospital // Mycoses. 2018. Vol. 61, N7. P. 498–505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruiz-Gaitán A, Moret AM, Tasias-Pitarch M, et al. An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonisation and candidaemia in a tertiary care European hospital. Mycoses. 2018;61(7):498–505. doi: 10.1111/myc.12781.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eyre DW, Sheppard AE, Madder H, et al. A Candida auris Outbreak and Its Control in an Intensive Care Setting // N Engl J Med. 2018. Vol. 379, N14. P. 1322–1331.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eyre DW, Sheppard AE, Madder H, et al. A Candida auris Outbreak and Its Control in an Intensive Care Setting. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(14):1322–1331. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Didik T, Yau AP, Cheung HL, et al. Long-range air dispersion of Candida auris in a cardiothoracic unit outbreak in Hong Kong // J Hosp Infect. 2023. Vol. 142. P. 105–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Didik T, Yau AP, Cheung HL, et al. Long-range air dispersion of Candida auris in a cardiothoracic unit outbreak in Hong Kong. J Hosp Infect. 2023;142:105–114. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.09.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Lorenzo A, Triggiano F, Lopuzzo M, et al. Candida auris cluster in a large third level Italian hospital: a case series // IJID Reg. 2024. Vol. 13. P. 100468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Lorenzo A, Triggiano F, Lopuzzo M, et al. Candida auris cluster in a large third level Italian hospital: a case series. IJID Reg. 2024;13:100468. doi: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100468</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Welbel SF, McNeil MM, Kuykendall RJ, et al. Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: epidemiologic and laboratory confirmation of a common source outbreak // Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996. Vol. 15, N11. P. 998–1002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Welbel SF, McNeil MM, Kuykendall RJ, et al. Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: epidemiologic and laboratory confirmation of a common source outbreak. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15(11):998–1002. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199611000-00013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Любимова А.В., Зуева Л.П., Соколова Г.А., и др. Вспышка внутрибольничного кандидоза в гематологическом отделении // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 1997. №1. С. 23–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyubimova AV, Zueva LP, Sokolova GA, et al. Outbreak of nosocomial candidiasis in the hematology department. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 1997;1:23–6. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCray E, Rampell N, Solomon SL, et al. Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation // J Clin Microbiol. 1986. Vol. 24, N4. P. 625–628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCray E, Rampell N, Solomon SL. et al. Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;24(4):625–8. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.4.625-628.1986.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solomon SL, Khabbaz RF, Parker RH, et al. An outbreak of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition // J Infect Dis. 1984. Vol. 149, N1. P. 98–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solomon SL, Khabbaz RF, Parker RH, et al. An outbreak of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. J Infect Dis. 1984;149(1):98– 102. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.1.98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plouffe JF, Brown DG, Silva J Jr, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia related to intravenous infusions // Arch Intern Med. 1977. Vol. 137, N12. P. 1686–1689.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plouffe JF, Brown DG, Silva J Jr, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia related to intravenous infusions. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137(12):1686–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greaves I, Kane K, Richards NT, et al. Pigeons and peritonitis? // Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992. Vol. 7, N9. P. 967–969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greaves I, Kane K, Richards NT, et al. Pigeons and peritonitis? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992;7(9):967–9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/7.9.967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qi L, Fan W, Xia X, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto fungaemia in a neonatal intensive care unit in China // J Hosp Infect. 2018. Vol. 100, N4. P. e246–e252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qi L, Fan W, Xia X, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto fungaemia in a neonatal intensive care unit in China. J Hosp Infect. 2018;100(4):e246– e252. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomaz DY, de Almeida JN Jr, Sejas ON, et al. Environmental Clonal Spread of Azole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis with Erg11-Y132F Mutation Causing a Large Candidemia Outbreak in a Brazilian Cancer Referral Center // J Fungi (Basel). 2021. Vol. 7, N4. P. 259.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomaz DY, de Almeida JN Jr, Sejas ON, et al. Environmental Clonal Spread of Azole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis with Erg11-Y132F Mutation Causing a Large Candidemia Outbreak in a Brazilian Cancer Referral Center. J Fungi (Basel). 2021;7(4):259. doi: 10.3390/jof7040259.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aldejohann AM, Wiese-Posselt M, Gastmeier P, et al. Expert recommendations for prevention and management of Candida auris transmission // Mycoses. 2022. Vol. 65, N6. P. 590–598.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aldejohann AM, Wiese-Posselt M, Gastmeier P, et al. Expert recommendations for prevention and management of Candida auris transmission. Mycoses. 2022;65(6):590– 598. doi: 10.1111/myc.13445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jang SJ, Han HL, Lee SH, et al. PFGE-based epidemiological study of an outbreak of Candida tropicalis candiduria: the importance of medical waste as a reservoir of nosocomial infection // Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005. Vol. 58, N5. P. 263–267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jang SJ, Han HL, Lee SH, et al. PFGE-based epidemiological study of an outbreak of Candida tropicalis candiduria: the importance of medical waste as a reservoir of nosocomial infection. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005;58(5):263–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuen KY, Seto WH, Ching TY, et al. An outbreak of Candida tropicalis peritonitis in patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis // J Hosp Infect. 1992. Vol. 22, N1. P. 65–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuen KY, Seto WH, Ching TY, et al. An outbreak of Candida tropicalis peritonitis in patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis. J Hosp Infect. 1992;22(1):65–72. doi: 10.1016/0195-6701(92)90131-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdhary A, Becker K, Fegeler W, et al. An outbreak of candidemia due to Candida tropicalis in a neonatal intensive care unit // Mycoses. 2003. Vol. 46, N8. P. 287–292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdhary A, Becker K, Fegeler W, et al. An outbreak of candidemia due to Candida tropicalis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Mycoses. 2003;46(8):287–92. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00883.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viviani MA, Cogliati M, Esposto MC, et al. Four-year persistence of a single Candida albicans genotype causing bloodstream infections in a surgical ward proven by multilocus sequence typing // J Clin Microbiol. 2006. Vol. 44, N1. P. 218–221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viviani MA, Cogliati M, Esposto MC, et al. Four-year persistence of a single Candida albicans genotype causing bloodstream infections in a surgical ward proven by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(1):218–21. doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.1.218-221.2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell JR, Zaccaria E, Baker CJ. Systemic candidiasis in extremely low birth weight infants receiving topical petrolatum ointment for skin care: a case-control study // Pediatrics. 2000. Vol. 105, N5. P. 1041–1045.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell JR, Zaccaria E, Baker CJ. Systemic candidiasis in extremely low birth weight infants receiving topical petrolatum ointment for skin care: a case-control study. Pediatrics. 2000;105(5):1041–5. doi: 10.1542/peds.105.5.1041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang YC, Lin TY, Peng HL, et al. Outbreak of Candida albicans Fungaemia in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit // Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998. Vol. 30, N2. P. 137–142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yhu-Chering Huang, Tzou-Yien Lin, Hwei-Ling Peng, et al. Outbreak of Candida albicans Fungaemia in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1998, 30(2): 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/003655498750003519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jung J, Moon YS, Yoo JA, et al. Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of fungemia caused by Candida pelliculosa (Pichia anomala) in a Korean tertiary care center // J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018. Vol. 51, N6. P. 794–801.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jung J, Moon YS, Yoo JA, et al. Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of fungemia caused by Candida pelliculosa (Pichia anomala) in a Korean tertiary care center. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018;51(6):794–801. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.05.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaur H, Shankarnarayana SA, Hallur V, et al. Prolonged Outbreak of Candida krusei Candidemia in Paediatric Ward of Tertiary Care Hospital // Mycopathologia. 2020. Vol. 185, N2. P. 257–268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaur H, Shankarnarayana SA, Hallur V, et al. Prolonged Outbreak of Candida krusei Candidemia in Paediatric Ward of Tertiary Care Hospital. Mycopathologia. 2020;185(2):257–268. doi: 10.1007/s11046-020-00427-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bougnoux ME, Brun S, Zahar JR. Healthcare-associated fungal outbreaks: New and uncommon species, New molecular tools for investigation and prevention // Antimicrobial resistance and infection control. 2018. Vol. 7. P. 45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bougnoux ME, Brun S, Zahar JR. Healthcare-associated fungal outbreaks: New and uncommon species, New molecular tools for investigation and prevention. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control. 2018;7:45. doi: 10.1186/s13756-018-0338-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xin X, Wang M, Li M. Reclassification and Nomenclature of Common Pathogenic Fungi // Advances in Microbiology. 2024. Vol. 14. P. 241–246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xin X, Wang M, Li M. Reclassification and Nomenclature of Common Pathogenic Fungi. Advances in Microbiology. 2024;14:241–246. doi: 10.4236/aim.2024.145017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu F, Hu ZD, Zhao XM, et al. Phylogenomic analysis of the Candida auris-Candida haemuli clade and related taxa in the Metschnikowiaceae, and proposal of thirteen new genera, fifty-five new combinations and nine new species // Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 2024. Vol. 52, N1. P. 22–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu F, Hu ZD, Zhao XM, et al. Phylogenomic analysis of the Candida auris-Candida haemuli clade and related taxa in the Metschnikowiaceae, and proposal of thirteen new genera, fifty-five new combinations and nine new species. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 2024;52(1):22–43. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2024.52.02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bays DJ, Jenkins EN, Lyman M, et al. Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis // Clin Epidemiol. 2024. Vol. 16. P. 549–566.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bays DJ, Jenkins EN, Lyman M, et al. Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis. Clin Epidemiol. 2024;16:549–566. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S459600.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Веселов А.В., Мултых И.Г., Клясова Г.А., и др. Эпидемиология возбудителей кандидозов и их чувствительность к азолам: результаты исследования ARTEMIS Disk в России // Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. 2005. Т. 7, №1. С. 68–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veselov AV, Multih IG, Kliasova GA, et al. Epidemiology of candidiasis pathogens and their sensitivity to azoles: results of the ARTEMIS Disk study in Russia. Klinicheskaja Mikrobiologija i Antimikrobnaja Himioterapija. 2005; 7(1): 68–76. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хостелиди С.Н., Козлова О.П., Шадривова О.В., и др. Инвазивные микозы в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии (анализ данных регистров и обзор литературы) // Проблемы медицинской микологии. 2024. Т. 26, №1. С. 3–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khostelidi SN., Kozlova OP, Shadrivova OV, et al. Invasive mycoses in intensive care units (analysis of register data and literature review). Problems of Medical Mycology. 2024;26 (1):3–21. (In Russ). doi:10.24412/1999-6780-2024-1-3-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chakrabarti A, Sood P. On the emergence, spread and resistance of Candida auris: host, pathogen and environmental tipping points // J Med Microbiol. 2021. Vol. 70, N3. P. 001318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chakrabarti A, Sood P. On the emergence, spread and resistance of Candida auris: host, pathogen and environmental tipping points. J Med Microbiol. 2021;70(3):001318. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, et al. Survival, persistence, and isolation of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris on a plastic health care surface // J Clin Microbiol. 2017. Vol. 55, N10. P. 2996–3005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, Houston H, Lyons A, Rose LJ, et al. Survival, persistence, and isolation of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris on a plastic health care surface. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(10):2996–3005. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00921-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dire O, Amrouch S, Desroches M, et al. Survival of Candida auris on environmental surface materials and low-level resistance to disinfectant // J Hosp Infect. 2023. Vol. 136. P. 80–84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dire O, Amrouch S, Desroches M, et al. Survival of Candida auris on environmental surface materials and low-level resistance to disinfectant. J Hosp Infect. 2023;136:80–84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection Control Guidance: Candida auris. Atlanta: CDC. 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection Control Guidance: Candida auris. Atlanta: CDC; 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmad S, Asadzadeh M. Strategies to Prevent Transmission of Candida auris in Healthcare Settings // Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2023. Vol. 17, N1. P. 36–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmad S, Asadzadeh M. Strategies to Prevent Transmission of Candida auris in Healthcare Settings. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2023;17(1):36–48. doi: 10.1007/s12281-023-00451-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
