<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073304620262546271</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-2492</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль паракоклюша в эпидемиологии коклюша</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analysis of Epidemiological Features of Pertussis Caused by Bordetella parapertussis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-5046</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борисова Ольга Юрьевна — д. м. н., профессор, директор</p><p>Тел.: 8 (495) 452-18-16</p><p>125212, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, д. 10.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Olga Yu. Borisova — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director</p><p>Tel.: 8 (495) 452-18-16</p><p>10 Admiral Makarov St., Moscow, 125212</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgborisova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6914-3531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пименова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pimenova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пименова Алена Сергеевна — к. м. н., ведущий научный сотрудник Исследовательского центра по изучению дифтерии, коклюша и столбняка</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena S. Pimenova — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher of the Research Center for the Study of Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alenaa_85@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-942X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андриевская</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andrievskaya</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андриевская Ирина Юрьевна — к.б.н., научный сотрудник Исследовательского центра по изучению дифтерии, коклюша и столбняка</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina Yu. Andrievskaya — Cand. Sci. (Biol.), of the Research Center for the Study of Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrievskaya.iri@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петрова Мария Сергеевна — к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник клинического отдела</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria S. Petrova — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher of the clinical department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-3124</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Basov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Басов Артём Александрович — к. м. н., ведущий научный сотрудник Исследовательского центра по изучению дифтерии, коклюша и столбняка</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem A. Basov — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher of the Research</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.basov_pochta@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башкетова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashketova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Башкетова Наталья Семёновна — руководитель, Главный государственный санитарный врач по г. Санкт-Петербургу и Ленинградской области</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya S. Bashketova — Head, Chief State Sanitary Doctor for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Катаева</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kataeva</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Катаева Ирина Сергеевна — начальник отдела эпидемиологического надзора</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina S. Kataeva — Head of the Epidemiological Surveillance Department</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миронова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Миронова Анна Васильевна — заместитель начальника отдела эпидемиологического надзора</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Mironova — Deputy Head of the Epidemiological Surveillance Department</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федоров</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorov</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фёдоров Дмитрий Дмитриевич</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селин</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Selin</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Селин Олег Игоревич</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бубнова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bubnova</surname><given-names>Ye. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бубнова Екатерина Сергеевна — главный врач</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Bubnova — Chief Physician, Federal Budgetary Healthcare</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожемякина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhemyakina</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кожемякина Мальвина Александровна — заведующая отделом эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии с группой учёта и регистрации инфекционных и паразитарных заболеваний</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Malvina A. Kozhemyakina — Head of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology with the Group of Accounting and Registration of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриев</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitriev</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Дмитриев Георгий Александрович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Московский научноисследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского»Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>G. N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Межрегиональное управление Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека по городу СанктПетербургу и Ленинградской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Interregional Directorate of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) for the City of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в городе СанктПетербурге и Ленинградской области»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Budgetary Healthcare Institution «Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the City of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Region»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Борисова О.Ю., Пименова А.С., Андриевская И.Ю., Петрова М.С., Басов А.А., Башкетова Н.С., Катаева И.С., Миронова А.В., Федоров Д.Д., Селин О.И., Бубнова Е.С., Кожемякина М.А., Дмитриев Г.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Борисова О.Ю., Пименова А.С., Андриевская И.Ю., Петрова М.С., Басов А.А., Башкетова Н.С., Катаева И.С., Миронова А.В., Федоров Д.Д., Селин О.И., Бубнова Е.С., Кожемякина М.А., Дмитриев Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Borisova O.Y., Pimenova A.S., Andrievskaya I.Y., Petrova M.S., Basov A.A., Bashketova N.S., Kataeva I.S., Mironova A.V., Fedorov D.D., Selin O.I., Bubnova Y.S., Kozhemyakina M.A., Dmitriev G.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2492">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/2492</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Во многих странах мира с высоким уровнем охвата профилактическими прививками с 1980-х гг. наблюдается рост заболеваемости коклюшем, наиболее резкий подъем отмечен в 2023–2024 гг. В последние годы увеличивается число случаев коклюша, вызванного B. parapertussis, что может быть обусловлено вакцинальным давлением, отсутствием перекрестного иммунитета, а также широким использованием ПЦР-диагностики. B. parapertussis не продуцирует коклюшный токсин, но он характеризуется схожими с B. pertussis факторами вирулентности. Цель. Показать роль паракоклюша в эпидемиологии коклюша и клинико-эпидемиологические особенности очага коклюша, вызванного B. parapertussis. Материалы и методы. Проведено описательное аналитическое эпидемиологическое исследование с использованием данных официальных статистических форм отчетности (формы №1 и №2) и аналитических материалов (внеочередные донесения о случае групповой заболеваемости), полученных в рамках работы Референс-центра по мониторингу за коклюшем ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора, а также карт эпидемиологического обследования очага, медицинской документации больных и проведении лабораторных исследований. Результаты и обсуждение. Заболеваемость коклюшем, вызванным B. parapertussis, в Российской Федерации за последние 10 лет не превышает 2,0 на 100 тыс. населения. Среди заболевших доля детей 0–17 лет была на уровне 88,8–98,8 %, из них наиболее часто болели дети до 1 года (2016–2021 и 2023–2024 гг.) и 3–6 лет (2022 и 2025 гг.). В 2025 г. в Российской Федерации выполнено 186 005 исследований на коклюш с преобладанием использования ПЦР (55,5 %). В период подъемов заболеваемости (2019 и 2023 гг.) в структуре возбудителей доминировал B. pertussis и с 2025 г. увеличилась до 30 % доля B. parapertussis, в очагах она доходит до 40,0 %. В качестве примера в исследовании приводится описание острого очага с множественными случаями заболевания коклюшем, вызванным B. parapertussis, в детском дошкольном учреждении. Заключение. Коклюш, вызванный B. parapertussis, регистрируется ежегодно и преимущественно у детей. Показано увеличение удельного веса B. parapertussis среди возбудителей коклюша на фоне снижения заболеваемости коклюшем в 2024–2025 гг. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Many countries in the world with high coverage of preventive vaccinations have seen an increase in the incidence of pertussis since the 1980s. The sharpest rise in the incidence of pertussis in the world has been recorded since 2023–2024. In recent years, the number of cases of pertussis caused by B. parapertussis has been increasing, which may be due to vaccination pressure, lack of cross-immunity, as well as the widespread use of PCR diagnostics. B. parapertussis does not produce pertussis toxin, but it is characterized by virulence factors similar to B. pertussis. Aims. To show the role of B. parapertussis in the epidemiology of pertussis and to analyze the clinical and epidemiological features of a pertussis outbreak caused by B. parapertussis. Material and methods. The study includes official statistical data and analytical materials obtained as part of the work of the Reference Center for Pertussis Monitoring of the G. N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Rospotrebnadzor, as well as maps of the epidemiological examination of the focus, medical documentation for patients and laboratory tests. The PCR study was carried out using two sets of reagents AmpliSence Bordetella multi-FL (FBUN TsNIIE, Russia) and AmpliPrime Bordetella (NecstBio LLC, Russia). Statistical data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019. Results. The incidence of whooping cough caused by B. parapertussis in the Russian Federation over the past 10 years does not exceed 2.0 per 100 thousand population. Among the sick, the proportion of children 0-17 years old was at the level of 88.8 % – 98.8 %. The highest age indicator was in children under 1 year old in 2016–2021 and 2023–2024 and children 3–6 years old in 2022 and 2025. The largest number of cases is recorded in children 7–14 years old. In 2025, the number of cases in children 3-6 years old increased sharply. In 2025, 186,005 studies for pertussis were performed in the Russian Federation with a predominance of using PCR diagnostics (55.5 %). During the period of rising incidence (2019 and 2023), B. pertussis dominates the structure of pathogens and since 2025 the share of B. parapertussis circulation has increased to 30 %, including by epidemiological indications to 40.0 %. As an example of an epidemiological examination, a description of an acute focus with multiple cases of the disease in a preschool institution is given. Conclusion. Whooping cough caused by B. parapertussis is reported annually and predominantly in children. An increase in the specific gravity of B. parapertussis among pertussis pathogens was shown against the background of a decrease in the incidence in 2024–2025. The analysis of the focus revealed the predominance of an erased course (in four children) and bacteriocarrier (in three children), and also confirmed the high diagnostic efficiency of PCR when examining foci of pertussis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bordetella pertussis</kwd><kwd>Bordetella parapertussis</kwd><kwd>заболеваемость</kwd><kwd>удельный вес возбудителей</kwd><kwd>ПЦР-Конфликт интересов не заявлен</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bordetella pertussis</kwd><kwd>Bordetella parapertussis</kwd><kwd>incidence</kwd><kwd>specific gravity of pathogens</kwd><kwd>PCR No conflict of interest to declare</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках отраслевой программы Роспотребнадзора.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed within the framework of the sectoral program of Rospotrebnadzor</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pertussis surveillance and reporting [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html (дата обращения: 28.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pertussis surveillance and reporting [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index. html (accessed: 28.05.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Epidemiological alert: increase of pertussis in the Americas, 2025 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.paho.org (дата обращения: 28.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Epidemiological alert: increase of pertussis in the Americas, 2025 [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.paho.org (accessed: 28.05.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2025 году: Государственный доклад. М.: Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, 2025. 340 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2025: State report. Moscow: Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, 2025. 340 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О заболеваемости коклюшем, анализе состояния лабораторной диагностики, мониторинге за возбудителем и состоянии противококлюшного иммунитета населения в Российской Федерации: информационное письмо № 02/11250-2025-27 от 16.06.2025 / Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (Роспотребнадзор). М., 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On the incidence of pertussis, analysis of the state of laboratory diagnostics, monitoring of the pathogen, and the state of anti-pertussis immunity of the population in the Russian Federation: Information letter No. 02/11250-2025-27 dated 16.06.2025 / Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor). Moscow, 2025. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лабораторная диагностика коклюша и коклюшеподобных заболеваний: методические указания МУК 4.2.3701-21. М.: Роспотребнадзор, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laboratory diagnostics of pertussis and pertussis-like diseases: methodological guidelines MUK 4.2.3701-21. Moscow: Rospotrebnadzor, 2021. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watanabe M., Nagai M. Whooping cough due to Bordetella parapertussis: an unresolved problem // Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2004. Vol. 2, № 3. P. 447–454. DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.3.447.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watanabe M., Nagai M. Whooping cough due to Bordetella parapertussis: an unresolved problem // Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2004. Vol. 2, № 3. P. 447–454. DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.3.447.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arico B., Rappuoli R. Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica contain transcriptionally silent pertussis toxin genes // J. Bacteriology. 1987. Vol. 169, № 6. P. 2847–2853. DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.6.2847-2853.1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arico B., Rappuoli R. Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica contain transcriptionally silent pertussis toxin genes // J. Bacteriology. 1987. Vol. 169, № 6. P. 2847–2853. DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.6.2847-2853.1987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoiby N., Hertz J.B., Andersen V., et al. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Bordetella pertussis antigens and of corresponding antibodies in human sera // Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B. 1976. Vol. 84, № 6. P. 386–394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1976.tb01957.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoiby N., Hertz J.B., Andersen V., et al. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Bordetella pertussis antigens and of corresponding antibodies in human sera // Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B. 1976. Vol. 84, № 6. P. 386–394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1976.tb01957.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pagliaccia C., Manetti R., Rappuoli R. Pertactin antigens extracted from Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica differ in the isoelectric point // Arch. Microbiol. 1997. Vol. 168, № 5. P. 437–440. DOI: 10.1007/s002030050519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pagliaccia C., Manetti R., Rappuoli R. Pertactin antigens extracted from Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica differ in the isoelectric point // Arch. Microbiol. 1997. Vol. 168, № 5. P. 437–440. DOI: 10.1007/s002030050519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchitto K.S., Smith S.G., Locht C., et al. Nucleotide sequence homology to pertussis toxin gene in Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis // Infect. Immun. 1987. Vol. 55, № 3. P. 497–501. DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.3.497-501.1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchitto K.S., Smith S.G., Locht C., et al. Nucleotide sequence homology to pertussis toxin gene in Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis // Infect. Immun. 1987. Vol. 55, № 3. P. 497–501. DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.3.497-501.1987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liese J.G., Renner C., Stojanov S., et al. Clinical and epidemiological picture of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis infections after introduction of acellular pertussis vaccine // Arch. Dis. Child. 2003. Vol. 88, № 8. P. 684–687. DOI: 10.1136/adc.88.8.684.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liese J.G., Renner C., Stojanov S., et al. Clinical and epidemiological picture of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis infections after introduction of acellular pertussis vaccine // Arch. Dis. Child. 2003. Vol. 88, № 8. P. 684–687. DOI: 10.1136/adc.88.8.684.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noble B.A., Jiudice S.S., Jones J.D., Timbrook T.T. Reemergence of Bordetella parapertussis, United States, 2019–2023 // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2024. Vol. 30, № 5. P. 1058–1060. DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noble B.A., Jiudice S.S., Jones J.D., Timbrook T.T. Reemergence of Bordetella parapertussis, United States, 2019–2023 // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2024. Vol. 30, № 5. P. 1058–1060. DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhattacharyya S., Ferrari M.J., Bjørnstad O.N. Species interactions may help explain the erratic periodicity of whooping cough dynamics // Epidemics. 2018. Vol. 23. P. 64–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2017.12.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhattacharyya S., Ferrari M.J., Bjørnstad O.N. Species interactions may help explain the erratic periodicity of whooping cough dynamics // Epidemics. 2018. Vol. 23. P. 64–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2017.12.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khelef N., Danve B., Quentin-Millet M.J., et al. Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis: two immunologically distinct species // Infect. Immun. 1993. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 486–490. DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.2.486-490.1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khelef N., Danve B., Quentin-Millet M.J., et al. Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis: two immunologically distinct species // Infect. Immun. 1993. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 486–490. DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.2.486-490.1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arun T.R., Alagarasu K., Jadhav S., et al. Pertussis vaccines scarcely provide protection against Bordetella parapertussis infection in children: a systematic review and metaanalysis // Vaccines (Basel). 2024. Vol. 12, № 3. P. 253. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arun T.R., Alagarasu K., Jadhav S., et al. Pertussis vaccines scarcely provide protection against Bordetella parapertussis infection in children: a systematic review and metaanalysis // Vaccines (Basel). 2024. Vol. 12, № 3. P. 253. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He Q., Viljanen M.K., Arvilommi H., et al. Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in an immunized population // JAMA. 1998. Vol. 280, № 7. P. 635–637. DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.7.635.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He Q., Viljanen M.K., Arvilommi H., et al. Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in an immunized population // JAMA. 1998. Vol. 280, № 7. P. 635–637. DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.7.635.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolfe D.N., Goebel E.M., Bjornstad O.N., et al. The O antigen enables Bordetella parapertussis to avoid Bordetella pertussis-induced immunity // Infect. Immun. 2007. Vol. 75, № 10. P. 4972–4979. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00763-07.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolfe D.N., Goebel E.M., Bjornstad O.N., et al. The O antigen enables Bordetella parapertussis to avoid Bordetella pertussis-induced immunity // Infect. Immun. 2007. Vol. 75, № 10. P. 4972–4979. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00763-07.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang X., Rodriguez M.E., Harvill E.T., et al. O antigen allows B. parapertussis to evade B. pertussis vaccine-induced immunity by blocking binding and functions of crossreactive antibodies // PLoS ONE. 2009. Vol. 4, № 9. P. e6989. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang X., Rodriguez M.E., Harvill E.T., et al. O antigen allows B. parapertussis to evade B. pertussis vaccine-induced immunity by blocking binding and functions of crossreactive antibodies // PLoS ONE. 2009. Vol. 4, № 9. P. e6989. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lautrop H. Epidemics of parapertussis: 20 years’ observations in Denmark // Lancet. 1971. Vol. 1, № 7711. P. 1195–1198. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91713-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lautrop H. Epidemics of parapertussis: 20 years’ observations in Denmark // Lancet. 1971. Vol. 1, № 7711. P. 1195–1198. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91713-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller J.J., Miller T., Saito T.M. Parapertussis: clinical and serological observations // J. Pediatr. 1941. Vol. 19, № 2. P. 229–240.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller J.J., Miller T., Saito T.M. Parapertussis: clinical and serological observations // J. Pediatr. 1941. Vol. 19, № 2. P. 229–240.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He Q., Mertsola J. Factors contributing to pertussis resurgence // Future Microbiol. 2008. Vol. 3, № 3. P. 329–339. DOI: 10.2217/17460913.3.3.329.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He Q., Mertsola J. Factors contributing to pertussis resurgence // Future Microbiol. 2008. Vol. 3, № 3. P. 329–339. DOI: 10.2217/17460913.3.3.329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pittet L.F., Emonet S., François P., et al. Diagnosis of whooping cough in Switzerland: differentiating Bordetella pertussis from Bordetella holmesii by polymerase chain reaction // PLoS ONE. 2014. Vol. 9, № 2. P. e88936. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088936.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pittet L.F., Emonet S., François P., et al. Diagnosis of whooping cough in Switzerland: differentiating Bordetella pertussis from Bordetella holmesii by polymerase chain reaction // PLoS ONE. 2014. Vol. 9, № 2. P. e88936. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088936.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodgers L., Martin S.W., Cohn A., et al. Epidemiologic and laboratory features of a large outbreak of pertussis-like illnesses associated with co-circulating Bordetella holmesii and Bordetella pertussis in Ohio, 2010–2011 // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013. Vol. 56, № 3. P. 322–331. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodgers L., Martin S.W., Cohn A., et al. Epidemiologic and laboratory features of a large outbreak of pertussis-like illnesses associated with co-circulating Bordetella holmesii and Bordetella pertussis in Ohio, 2010–2011 // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013. Vol. 56, № 3. P. 322–331. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mertsola J. Mixed outbreak of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis infection in Finland // Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985. Vol. 4, № 2. P. 123–128. DOI: 10.1007/BF02013576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mertsola J. Mixed outbreak of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis infection in Finland // Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985. Vol. 4, № 2. P. 123–128. DOI: 10.1007/BF02013576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cherry J.D. The epidemiology of pertussis: a comparison of the epidemiology of the disease pertussis with the epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection // Pediatrics. 2005. Vol. 115, № 5. P. 1422–1427. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherry J.D. The epidemiology of pertussis: a comparison of the epidemiology of the disease pertussis with the epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection // Pediatrics. 2005. Vol. 115, № 5. P. 1422–1427. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cherry J.D., Seaton B.L. Patterns of Bordetella parapertussis respiratory illnesses: 2008–2010 // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2012. Vol. 54, № 4. P. 534–537. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherry J.D., Seaton B.L. Patterns of Bordetella parapertussis respiratory illnesses: 2008–2010 // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2012. Vol. 54, № 4. P. 534–537. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Q., Zundong Y., et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis infections among school children in China as determined by real time PCR: a cross-sectional study // Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2014. P. 1–8. DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.878034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Q., Zundong Y., et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis infections among school children in China as determined by real time PCR: a cross-sectional study // Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2014. P. 1–8. DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.878034.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisman D.N., Tang P., Hauck T., et al. Pertussis resurgence in Toronto, Canada: a population-based study including test-incidence feedback modeling // BMC Public Health. 2011. Vol. 11. P. 694. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-694.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisman D.N., Tang P., Hauck T., et al. Pertussis resurgence in Toronto, Canada: a population-based study including test-incidence feedback modeling // BMC Public Health. 2011. Vol. 11. P. 694. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-694.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коклюш и паракоклюш (профилактика, клиника и диагностика): методические рекомендации. М.: Минздрав СССР, 1983. 36 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guidelines «Pertussis and Parapertussis (prevention, clinic and diagnostics)». Moscow: Ministry of Health of the USSR, 1983. 36 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабаченко И.В., Каплина Т.А., Курова Н.Н., и др. Особенности паракоклюшной инфекции у детей в Санкт-Петербурге // Детские инфекции. 2005. № 1. С. 36–39. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=12849634.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babachenko I.V., Kaplina T.A., Kurova N.N., et al. Peculiarities of parapertussis infection in children in St. Petersburg // Childhood Infections. 2005. № 1. P. 36–39. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=12849634. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
