<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-3-39-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-275</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОФИЦИАЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OFFICIAL INFORMATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Серотиповая характеристика пневмококков, выявленных у больных менингитом в ряде стран европейского и азиатского регионов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Serotype Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Identified in Meningitis Cases in Sevral Asian and European Countries</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оганесян</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oganesyan</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">oganesyan.ayk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воропаева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voropaeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">anaerob.lab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mel'nikova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Урбан</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Urban</surname><given-names>Yu. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">yuliaurban1978@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">yegorovaea@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алёшкин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleshkin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии» им. Г.Н. Габричевского», Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Institution of Science «Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology», of Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии» им. Г.Н. Габричевского», Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Institution of Science «Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology», of Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer, Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Роспотребнадзор</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer, Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Оганесян А.Н., Воропаева Е.А., Мельникова А.А., Урбан Ю.Н., Егорова Е.А., Алёшкин В.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Оганесян А.Н., Воропаева Е.А., Мельникова А.А., Урбан Ю.Н., Егорова Е.А., Алёшкин В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oganesyan A.N., Voropaeva E.A., Mel'nikova A.A., Urban Y.N., Egorova E.A., Aleshkin V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/275">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/275</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. В настоящее время эпидемиология пневмококкового менингита (ПМ) в странах СНГ, а также на Украине и в Грузии является недостаточно изученной. Данное исследование было осуществлено с целью обоснования целесообразности применяемой стратегии вакцинопрофилактики пневмококковой инфекции в указанных странах. Была проведена оценка серотипового состава пневмококков, выявленных у больных пневмококковым менингитом в следующих регионах: Европейском (Украина, Беларусь), Закавказском (Азербайджан, Армения, Грузия) и Азиатском (Узбекистан, Кыргызстан, Казахстан). Настоящая работа осуществлялась в рамках «Программы по дозорному эпиднадзору за инвазивными бактериальными заболеваниями (ИБЗ)», осуществляемой Европейским региональным бюро ВОЗ. Методы. Проводился забор образцов спинномозговой жидкости (СМЖ) у пациентов с подозрением на менингит в дозорных стационарах, расположенных в исследуемых регионах в течение 2007 - 2016 годов. Идентификацию S. pneumoniae, а также определение серогрупп и серотипов в положительных образцах СМЖ выполняли методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени (ПРЦРВ) и мультиплексной ПЦР (мПЦР), В общей сложности было проанализировано 3013 образцов СМЖ: 2764 (91,7%) из них было получено от пациентов в возрасте до 5 лет, 128 (4,2%) от детей в возрасте от 5 до 18 лет и 121 (4,1%) от взрослых. Результаты. В 6% (188) проанализированных образцов СМЖ были выявлены пневмококки. Применявшаяся схема реакций ПЦР дала возможность определить серогруппы и серотипы для 82% (n = 154) идентифицированных S. pneumoniae, в 16% случаев серотипы определить не удалось, для 2% образцов серотипирование не проводилось. Всего было идентифицировано 26 различных серотипов и серогрупп. Превалирующими оказались следующие: 6A/B (21%), 14 (15%), 19F (10%), 23F (7%), 18 (A/B/C) (4%), 9V/9A (3%) и 4 (3%). Также был определен ряд других серотипов и серогрупп, встречавших в 2% и менее случаев (6C/6D, 24(A/B/F), 19A, 5, 3,1,23A,20,2,13,31, 8, 7F/7A, 7C/7B/40, 22F/22A, 21, 15B/15C, 12F/12A/12B/44/46, 11A/11D). Заключение. Таким образом, доли так называемых «вакцинных» серотипов в исследованных пробах от больных ПМ, то есть покрытия пневмококковыми конъюгированными вакцинами выявленных серотипов, составили 67% для ПКВ 10 и 71% для ПКВ 13 во всех 3-х регионах, что указывает на целесообразность и перспективность введения вакцинации против пневмококковой инфекции с применением ПКВ10 и ПКВ13 в национальные программы иммунизации. Дальнейшее осуществление эпиднадзора за ИБЗ, мониторинга изменений серотипового состава штаммов S. pneumoniae, ответственных за развитие инвазивных форм пневмококковой инфекции, а также встречающихся у здоровых носителей, безусловно, является необходимым для проведения оценки эффективности вакцинации, ее популяционного эффекта, а также влияния на серотиповой пейзаж S. pneumoniae.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. The current epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis in Ukraine, Georgia and countries of CIS is poorly studied. In order to ensure an effective vaccination strategy and post-vaccination surveillance, we examined the serotype distribution patterns of pneumococcal meningitis in the following regions: European (Ukraine, Belarus), Transcaucasian (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia), and Asian (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan). The study was performed within the program for Invasive Bacterial Diseases Sentinel Surveillance implemented in the region by WHO Regional Office for Europe. Methods. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSFs) samples were collected from patients with suspected meningitis at sentinel hospitals throughout all the regions within the period 2007 - 2016. Determination of S. pneumoniae and serogroups/serotypes in positive CSFs was performed using qPCR and mPCR. In total 3013 CSFs were tested: 2764 (91.7%) of them were collected from patients aged under 5 years, 128 (4.2%) from children aged 5 - 18 years and 121 (4.1%) from adults. Results. 6% (188) of CSFs analyzed were positive for S. pneumoniae, The PCR assay used could predict the S. pneumoniae serotypes/ serogroups for 82% (n = 154) of positive CSFs, 16% were not-typeable in our PCR scheme and for 2% serotyping was not performed. In total, 26 different serotypes/serogroups were identified. Serotypes 6A/B (21%), 14 (15%), 19F (10%), 23F (7%), 18 (A/B/C) (4%), 9V/9A (3%) and 4 (3%) were found to be the most prevalent, followed by others with a prevalence of 2% and less(6C/6D, 24(A/B/F), 19A, 5, 3,1,23A,20,2,13,31, 8, 7F/7A, 7C/7B/40, 22F/22A, 21, 15B/15C, 12F/12A/12B/44/46, 11A/11D). Conclusions. The proportion of vaccine serotypes in pneumococcal meningitis cases (vaccine coverage) amounts to 67% for PCV10 and 71% for PCV13 in all the regions, suggesting that the introduction of conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and 13) into National Immunization Programs is feasible. Post-vaccine introduction surveillance supported will be essential. Post-vaccine introduction surveillance and monitoring of changes in serotype S. pneumoniae distribution in cases with invasive pneumococcal disease and in healthy carriers is essential to assess the vaccination effectiveness and to provide a comprehensive picture of the vaccination impact on pneumococcal serotype distribution in the region.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>серотипы</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>менингит</kwd><kwd>ВОЗ</kwd><kwd>ПКВ</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>serotypes</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>meningitis</kwd><kwd>WHO PCV</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae: WHO manual, 2nd edition; WH0/IVB.11.09; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae: WHO manual, 2nd edition; WHO/IVB.11.09; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королева М.А. Эпидемиологический мониторинг за гнойными бактериальными менингитами в Российской Федерации: Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. наук. Москва; 2014: 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroleva M.A. Epidemiological monitoring of purulent bacterial meningitis in Russian Federation. Doctorate of med. sci. diss. Moscow; 2014: 24 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Briand C., Levy C., Baumie F., Joao L., B chet S., Carbonnelle E. et al. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet. 2010; 10: 317 - 328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Briand C., Levy C., Baumie F., Joao L., Béchet S., Carbonnelle E., et al. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet. 2010; 10: 317 – 328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">stergaard C., Konradsen H.B., Samuelsson S. Clinical presentation and prognostic factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis according to the focus of infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2005; 5: 93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">stergaard C., Konradsen H.B., Samuelsson S. Clinical presentation and prognostic factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis according to the focus of infection. BMC Infect. Dis. 2005; 5: 93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brouwer M.C., Tunkel A.R., van de Beek D. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2010; 23 (3): 467 - 492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brouwer M.C., Tunkel A.R., van de Beek D. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2010; 23 (3): 467 – 492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидоренко С.В., Лобзин Ю.В., Харит С.М., Королева И.С., Таточенко В.К. Пневмококковая инфекция и современные возможности ее профилактики -эпидемиологический обзор ситуации в мире и в России. Вопросы современной терапии. 2010. 9 (1): 54 - 61;</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorenko S.V., Lobzin Yu.V., Kharit S.M., Koroleva I.S., Tatochenko V.K. Pneumococcal infection and modern possibilities of prevention – an epidemiological review of the situation in the world and Russia. Voprosy sovremennoy terapii.  [Questions of modern pediatrics]. 2010; 9 (1): 54 – 61 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheley J., Willman D., Downen J., Bergman S. Investigation of the selection and timing of pharmacological therapy in community-acquired bacterial meningitis. pharmacy and therapeutics. 2016; 41 (7): 437 - 441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheley J., Willman D., Downen J., Bergman S. Investigation of the Selection and Timing of Pharmacological Therapy in Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2016; 41 (7): 437 – 441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butler J. Pneumococcal disease. In: Tuomanen E, Mitchell T, Morrison D., Spratt B. eds. The Pneumococcus. (1st ed.) Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2004: 148 - 168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butler J. Pneumococcal disease. In: Tuomanen E, Mitchell T, Morrison D., Spratt B. eds. The Pneumococcus. (1st ed.) Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2004: 148 – 168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов А.А., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Брико Н.И., Чучалин А.Г., Таточенко В.К., Харит С.Р, и др. Вакцинопрофилактика пневмококковой инфекции. Федеральные клинические рекомендации. Москва. 2015: 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov A.A., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Briko N.I., Chuchalin A.G., Tatochenko V.K., Kharit S.R., et al. Vaccinal prevention of pneumococcal infection. Federal clinical guidelines. Moscow. 2015: 24 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов Р.С. Пневмококки: прошлое, настоящее и будущее. Смоленск. Смоленская государственная медицинская академия; 2005: 128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov R.S. Pneumococcus: past, present and future. Smolensk: Smolensk State Medical Academy; 2005: 128 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов А.А., Намазова Л.С., Таточенко В.К. Пневмококковая инфекция и связанные с ней заболевания - серьезная проблема современного здравоохранения. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2008; 5 (1): 28 - 33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov A.A., Namazova L.S., Tatochenko V.K. Pneumococcal infection and related diseases - a major problem of modern health care. Pediatricheskaya farmakologiya. [Pediatric Pharmacology]. 2008; 5 (1): 28 – 33 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Венгеров Ю.Я., Нагибина М.В., Михалинова Е.П., Раздобарина С.Е., Молотилова Т.Н., Пархоменко Ю.Г. и др. Пневмококковый менингит. Проблема высокой летальности. Лечащий врач. 2015; 5: 14 - 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vengerov Yu.Ya., M.V. Nagibina, E. P. Mikhalinova, S. E. Razdobarina, T. N. Molotilova, Yu. G. Parkhomenko, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis. The problem of high mortality. Lechashchiy vrach. [Therapist]. 2015; 5: 14 – 18 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Backhaus E., Berg S., Andersson R., Ockborn G., Malmstr m P., Dahl M. et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections: manifestations, incidence and case fatality rate correlated to age, gender and risk factors. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2016; 16: 367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Backhaus E., Berg S., Andersson R., Ockborn G., Malmström P., Dahl M., et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections: manifestations, incidence and case  fatality rate correlated to age, gender and risk factors. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2016; 16: 367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song J.Y., Nahm M.H., Moseley M.A. Clinical implications of pneumococcal serotypes: invasive disease potential, clinical presentations, and antibiotic resistance. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2013; 28 (1): 4 - 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song J.Y., Nahm M.H., Moseley M.A. Clinical implications of pneumococcal serotypes: invasive disease potential, clinical presentations, and antibiotic resistance. J. Korean Med Sci. 2013; 28 (1): 4 – 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yildirim I., Kimberly M., Pelton S.I. Pneumococcal disease in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2015; 29 (4): 679 - 697.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yildirim I., Kimberly M., Pelton S.I. Pneumococcal disease in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2015; 29 (4): 679 –  697.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alari A., Chaussade H., De Cell s M.D., Le Fouler L., Varon E., Opatowski L. et al. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on pneumococcal meningitis cases in France between 2001 and 2014: a time series analysis. BMC Medicine 2016; 14: 211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alari A., Chaussade H., De Cellès M.D., Le Fouler L., Varon E., Opatowski L. et al. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on pneumococcal meningitis cases in  France between 2001 and 2014: a time series analysis. BMC Medicine 2016; 14: 211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">И.С. Королева, Г.В. Белошицкий, М.А. Королева, А.А. Мельникова. Эпидемиологические аспекты пневмококкового менингита в Российской Федерации. Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика. 2016; 15 (5): 6 - 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroleva I.S., Beloshitskiy G.V., Koroleva M.A., Mel’nikova A.A.. Epidemiological aspects of pneumococcal meningitis in the Russian Federation. Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika. [Epidemiology &amp; Vaccinal Prevention]. 2016;  15 (5): 6 – 13 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королева И.С., Белошицкий Г.В., Миронов К.О. Серотиповая характеристика пневмококков, выделенных от больных пневмококковым менингитом. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2012. 11 (4): 122 - 127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroleva I.S., Beloshitskiy G.V., Mironov K.O. Characteristics of pneumococcal serotypes isolated from patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Voprosy sovremennoy pediatrii. [Questions of modern pediatrics]. 2012. 11 (4): 122 – 127 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">del Amo E., Brotons Fi, Monsonis M., Trivi o M., I igo M., Selva L. High invasiveness of pneumococcal serotypes included in the new generation of conjugate vaccines. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2014; 20 (7): 684 - 689.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">del Amo E., Brotons P., Monsonis M., Triviño M., Iñigo M., Selva L. High invasiveness of pneumococcal serotypes included in the new generation of conjugate vaccines. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2014; 20 (7): 684 – 689.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pichon B., Ladhani S., Slack M., Segonds-Pichon A., Andrews N., Waight P, et al. Changes in molecular epidemiology of streptococcus pneumoniae causing meningitis following introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2013; 51 (3): 820 - 827.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pichon B., Ladhani S., Slack M., Segonds-Pichon A., Andrews N., Waight P. et al. Changes in molecular epidemiology of streptococcus pneumoniae causing meningitis  following introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2013; 51 (3): 820 – 827.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tai S. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotype coverage among pediatric patients in East and Southeast Asia, 2000 - 2014: a Pooled Data Analysis. Vaccines. 2016; 4 (1): 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tai S. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotype coverage among pediatric patients in East and Southeast Asia, 2000 – 2014: a Pooled Data Analysis. Vaccines. 2016; 4 (1): 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковтун О.П., Романенко В.В. Эффективность пневмококковых конъюгированных вакцин следующего поколения в разных регионах мира. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2014; 13 (1): 18 - 25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovtun O.P., Romanenko V.V. The effectiveness of next generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in different parts of the world. Voprosy sovremennoy pediatrii. [Questions of modern pediatrics]. 2014; 13 (1): 18 – 25 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tatochenko V., Sidorenko S., Namazova-Baranova L., Mayanskiy N., Kulichenko T., Baranov A. et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution in children in the Russian Federation before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines into the National Immunization Program. Expert Review of Vaccines. 2014; 13 (2): 257 - 264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatochenko V., Sidorenko S., Namazova-Baranova L., Mayanskiy N., Kulichenko T., Baranov A., et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution in children in the  Russian Federation before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines into  the National Immunization Program. Expert Review of Vaccines. 2014; 13 (2): 257 – 264 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blumental S., Mo si J.C., Roalfe L., Zancolli M., Johnson M., Burbidge P. et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 burden in the African meningitis belt: exploration of functionality in specific antibodies. Clinical and vaccine immunology. 2015; 22 (4): 404 - 412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blumental S., Moïsi JC., Roalfe L., Zancolli M., Johnson M., Burbidge P. et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 burden in the African meningitis belt: exploration of functionality in specific antibodies. Clinical and vaccine  immunology. 2015; 22 (4): 404 – 412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceyhan M., Dagan R., Sayiner A., Chernyshova L., Dinleyici E., Hryniewicz W., et al. Surveillance of pneumococcal diseases in Central and Eastern Europe. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2016; 12 (8): 2124 - 2134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceyhan M., Dagan R., Sayiner A., Chernyshova L., Dinleyici E.Ç., Hryniewicz W., et al. Surveillance of pneumococcal diseases in Central and Eastern Europe. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2016; 12 (8): 2124 – 2134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таджиева Н.У Совершенствование диагностики, лечения и профилактики пневмококковой инфекции у детей: Автореферат дис.. д-ра мед. наук. Ташкент; 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tadzhieva N.U. Improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pneumococcal disease in children. PhD of med. sci. diss. Tashkent; 2016 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давыдов А.В., Титов Л.П., Клюйко Н.Л., Гуринович В.В. Серотиповая характеристика штаммов Streptococcus Pneumoniae, выделенных у детей с острыми средними отитами и синуситами. Здравоохранение. Минск. 2016; 3: 12 - 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davydov A.V., Titov L.P., Klyuyko N.L., Gurinovich V.V. Characteristics of pneumococcal serotypes, isolated from children with acute otitis media and sinusitis. Zdravookhranenie. Minsk. 2016; 3: 12 – 21 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мирнов К.О., Платонов А.Е., Козлов Р.С. Идентификация и серотипирование российских штаммов Streptococcus pneumoniae с применением методик, основанных на ПЦР. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2011; 13 (4): 304 - 319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirnov K.O., Platonov A.E., Kozlov R.S. Identification and serotyping Russian strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the methods based on PCR. Klinicheskaya mikrobiologiya i antimikrobnaya khimioterapiya. [Clinical microbiology and antimicrobial chemotherapy]. 2011; 13 (4): 304 – 319 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen C., Naidoo N., Meiring S., de Gouveia L., von Mollendorf C., Walaza S. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and mortality in adults and adolescents in South Africa: Analysis of National Surveillance Data, 2003 - 2008. EID. 2016; 22 (2).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen C., Naidoo N., Meiring S., de Gouveia L., von Mollendorf C., Walaza S.. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and mortality in adults and adolescents in South Africa: Analysis of National Surveillance Data, 2003 – 2008. EID. 2016; 22 (2).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">СП 1.2.036-95 «Порядок учета, хранения, передачи и транспортировки микроорганизмов I - IV групп патогенности».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SR 1.2.036-95. The treatment, storage, transfer and transport of microorganisms I – IV pathogenicity groups (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pimenta F.C., Roundtree A., Soysal A., Bakir M., du Plessis M., Wolte N. et al. Sequential triplex real-time pcr assay for detecting 21 pneumococcal capsular serotypes that account for a high global disease burden. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013; 51 (2): 647 - 652.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pimenta F.C., Roundtree A., Soysal A., Bakir M., du Plessis M., Wolte N. et al. Sequential triplex real-time pcr assay for detecting 21 pneumococcal capsular serotypes that account for a high global disease burden. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013; 51 (2): 647 – 652.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
