<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epidemiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-3046</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0494</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Numicom» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-4-58-63</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epidemiology-296</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблемы современной стратегии вакцинации против гепатита В</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of the Current Vaccination Strategy against Hepatitis B</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коноплева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konopleva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">konopleva@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">borisova@combiotech.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семененко</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenenko</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">semenenko@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крымский</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krymskij</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budget Institution «N.F. Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of Ministry of Healthcare</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ЗАО НПК «Комбиотех»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Closed Joint-Stock Company Research and Production Company «Combiotech»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коноплева М.В., Борисова В.Н., Семененко Т.А., Крымский М.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коноплева М.В., Борисова В.Н., Семененко Т.А., Крымский М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konopleva M.V., Borisova V.N., Semenenko T.A., Krymskij M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/296">https://www.epidemvac.ru/jour/article/view/296</self-uri><abstract><p>В условиях масштабной вакцинации против гепатита В во многих странах происходит накопление эскейп-мутантов вируса гепатита В (ВГВ), особенно среди вакцинированных детей. Реальная распространенность таких мутантов недооценена, а способность современных вакцин обеспечивать перекрестный иммунитет против мутанта G145R практически полностью отсутствует. Накапливается потенциал для распространения мутантных вирусных штаммов. В результате возникает вопрос о необходимости изменения дизайна вакцин с целью расширения спектра их действия. Подход к включению в вакцины эпитопов pre-S имеет свои преимущества в борьбе с эскейп-мутантами, однако, по мнению ряда исследователей, предпочтение следует отдать модифицированной а-детерминанте HBsAg, способной к выработке нейтрализующих антител, специфичных в отношении эскейп-мутантов. Модифицирование антигенных компонентов вакцин имеет определенные трудности, связанные с оценкой правильности фолдинга рекомбинантных белков и их соответствия природным аналогам. Недавно предложенный способ отбора рекомбинантных антигенов, обладающих необходимыми свойствами, вероятно, позволяет преодолеть существующие проблемы. Однако, по-видимому, вследствие видовой зависимости развития иммунного ответа на HBsAg, и ограничений использования модели шимпанзе для тестирования вакцин против гепатита В, окончательный ответ на этот вопрос может быть получен только после клинических исследований.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Accumulation of escape mutants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) occur in the many countries at the conditions of wide-scale vaccination against hepatitis B, especially among vaccinated children. The real prevalence of such mutants is underestimated and the capacity of current vaccines to provide cross-immunity against G145R mutant is almost completely absent. The potential for spread of mutant virus strains accumulates. Consequently, a question about the need to change the design of vaccines arises with the purpose of expansion of their action spectrum. An approach of inclusion pre-S epitopes into vaccines has own advantages in fight with escape mutants, but some researchers suggest that the inclusion of modificated a-determinant capable to induce neutralizing antibodies specific to escape mutants into vaccine composition is more preferable. Nevertheless, modification of antigen components of vaccines has certain difficulties related to evaluation of the accuracy of folding of recombinant proteins and their conformity to natural analogues. A recently proposed method for selecting of recombinant antigens possessing the necessary properties likely allows to overcome existing problems. However, apparently, due to the features of species immunity to HBsAg and the limitations of using the chimpanzee model for testing of hepatitis B vaccines, the final answer to this question can only be obtained after clinical studies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гепатита В</kwd><kwd>вакцина</kwd><kwd>антиген</kwd><kwd>мутация</kwd><kwd>G145R</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный и нативный HBsAg</kwd><kwd>иммунизация Problems of the Current Vaccination Strategy against Hepatitis B</kwd><kwd>hepatitis B virus</kwd><kwd>HBV</kwd><kwd>vaccine</kwd><kwd>antigen</kwd><kwd>mutation</kwd><kwd>G145R</kwd><kwd>S143L</kwd><kwd>ВГВ</kwd><kwd>recombinant and native HBsAg</kwd><kwd>immunization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuckerman A.J. Effect of hepatitis B virus mutants on efficacy of vaccination. Lancet. 2000; 355 (9213): 1382 - 1384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuckerman A.J. Effect of hepatitis B virus mutants on efficacy of vaccination. Lancet. 2000; 355 (9213): 1382 – 1384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fran ois G., Kew M., Van Damme P., Mphahlele M.J., Meheus A. Mutant hepatitis B viruses: a matter of academic interest only or a problem with far-reaching implications? Vaccine. 2001; 19 (28 - 29): 3799 - 3815.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">François G., Kew M., Van Damme P., Mphahlele M.J., Meheus A. Mutant hepatitis B viruses: a matter of academic interest only or a problem with far-reaching implications? Vaccine. 2001; 19 (28 – 29): 3799 – 3815.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carman W.F., Zanetti A.R., Karayiannis P., Waters J., Manzillo G., Tanzi E. et al. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet. 1990; 366 (8711): 325 - 329.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carman W.F., Zanetti A.R., Karayiannis P., Waters J., Manzillo G., Tanzi E. et al. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet. 1990; 366 (8711): 325 – 329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang M.H. Breakthrough HBV infection in vaccinated children in Taiwan: surveillance for HBV mutants. Antivir. Ther. 2010; 15 (3 Pt. B): 463 - 469.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang M.H. Breakthrough HBV infection in vaccinated children in Taiwan: surveillance for HBV mutants. Antivir. Ther. 2010; 15 (3 Pt. B): 463 – 469.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баженов А.И., Коноплева М.В., Эльгорт Д.А., Фельдшерова А.А., Хац Ю.С., Годков М.А. и др. Алгоритм серологического поиска и оценка распространенности серологически значимых HBsAg-мутаций у хронических носителей вируса гепатита В. ЖМЭИ. 2007; 6: 30 - 37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazhenov A.I., Konopleva M.V., El’gort D.A., Fel’dsherova A.A., Khats Yu.S., Godkov M.A. et al The algorithm of serological search and estimation of the prevalence of serologically significant HBsAg mutations in chronic carriers of the  hepatitis B virus. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii. [Journal of Microbiology]. 2007; 6: 30 – 37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalinina T., Riu A., Fischer L., Will H., Sterneck M. A dominant hepatitis B virus population defective in virus secretion because of several S gene mutations from patient with fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology. 2001; 34 (2): 385 - 394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinina T., Riu A., Fischer L., Will H., Sterneck M. A dominant hepatitis B virus population defective in virus secretion because of several S gene mutations from patient with fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology. 2001; 34 (2): 385 – 394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber B. Genetic variability of the S gene of hepatitis B virus: clinical and diagnostic impact. J. Clin. Virol. 2005; 32: 102 - 112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber B. Genetic variability of the S gene of hepatitis B virus: clinical and diagnostic impact. J. Clin. Virol. 2005; 32: 102 – 112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carman W.F., Trautwein C., van Deursen F.J., Colman K., Dornan E., McIntyre G. et al. Hepatitis B virus envelope variation after transplantation with and without hepatitis B immune globulin prophylaxis. Hepatology. 1996; 24 (3): 489 - 493.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carman W.F., Trautwein C., van Deursen F.J., Colman K., Dornan E., McIntyre G. et al. Hepatitis B virus envelope variation after transplantation with and without hepatitis B immune globulin prophylaxis. Hepatology. 1996; 24 (3): 489 – 493.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu H.Y., Chang M.H., Ni Y.H., Chen H.L. Survey of hepatitis B surface variant infection in children 15 years after a nationwide vaccination programme in Taiwan. Gut. 2004; 53 (10): 1499 - 1503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu H.Y., Chang M.H., Ni Y.H., Chen H.L. Survey of hepatitis B surface variant infection in children 15 years after a nationwide vaccination programme in Taiwan. Gut. 2004; 53 (10): 1499 – 1503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oon C.J., Lim G.K., Ye Z., Goh K.T., Tan K.L., Yo S.L. et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus vaccine variants in Singapore. Vaccine. 1995; 13 (8): 699 - 702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oon C.J., Lim G.K., Ye Z., Goh K.T., Tan K.L., Yo S.L. et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus vaccine variants in Singapore. Vaccine. 1995; 13 (8): 699 – 702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oon C.J., Chen W.N. Current aspects of hepatitis B surface antigen mutants in Singapore. J. Viral. Hepat. 1998; 5 (Suppl. 2): 17 - 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oon C.J., Chen W.N. Current aspects of hepatitis B surface antigen mutants in Singapore. J. Viral. Hepat. 1998; 5 (Suppl. 2): 17 – 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bian T., Yan H., Shen L., Wang F., Zhang S., Cao Y. et al. Change of hepatitis B large surface antigen variants after 13 years universal vaccination program in China. J. Virol. Nov. 2013; 87 (22): 12196 - 12206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bian T., Yan H., Shen L., Wang F., Zhang S., Cao Y. et al. Change of hepatitis B large surface antigen variants after 13 years universal vaccination program in China. J. Virol. Nov. 2013; 87 (22): 12196 – 12206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семененко Т.А., Никитина Г.Ю., Птушкин В.В., Ярош Л.В., Кожевникова Г.М., Полонский В.О. и др. Распространенность скрытых и мутантных форм гепатита В у пациентов гематологических отделений многопрофильного стационара. Клин. Микробиол. и Антимикроб. Химиотерапия, 2016; 18 (1): 56 - 62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenenko T.A., Nikitina G.Yu., Ptushkin V.V., Yarosh L.V., Kozhevnikova G.M., Polonsky V.О. et al. The prevalence of latent and mutant forms of hepatitis B in  patients of hematological departments of a multidisciplinary hospital. Klinucheskaya  mikrobiologia i antimikrobnaya himoterapia. [Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy]. 2016; 18 (1): 56 – 62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коноплева М.В., Соколова М.В., Беленикин М.С., Кирьянов С.А., Шанько А.В., Баженов А.И. и др. Применение высокопроизводительного секвенирования (NGS) для выявления эскейп-мутаций HBV у больных со злокачественными заболеваниями крови. Сборник трудов IX Всероссийской научно-практической конференции с международным участием «Молекулярная диагностика 2017». Москва. 2017; 1: 62 - 63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konopleva M.V., Sokolova M.V., Belenikin M.S., Kir’yanov S.A., Shan’ko A.V., Bazhenov A.I. et al. The use of high-performance sequencing (NGS) to identify escapep mutations of HBV in patients with malignant blood diseases. Collection of  Proceedings of the 9th All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation «Molecular Diagnostics 2017». Москва. 2017; 1: 62 – 63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson J.N., Nokes D.J., Carman W.F. The predicted pattern of emergence of vaccine-resistant hepatitis B: a cause for concern? Vaccine. 1999; 17 (7 - 8): 973 - 978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson J.N., Nokes D.J., Carman W.F. The predicted pattern of emergence of vaccine-resistant hepatitis B: a cause for concern? Vaccine. 1999; 17 (7 – 8): 973 – 978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асатрян М.Н., Салман Э.Р, Никитина Г.Ю., Семененко ТА. Процесс распространения гепатита В на территориях федеральных округов Российской Федерации (компьютерное моделирование). Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. Актуальные вопросы. 2015; 2: 4 - 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asatryan M.N., Salman E.R., Nikitina G.Yu., Semenenko T.A. The process of spreading hepatitis B in the territories of the federal districts of the Russian Federation (computer modeling). Epidemiologiya i infekcionnie bolezni. Aktualnie  problemi. [Epidemiology and infectious diseases. Topical issues].2015; 2: 4 – 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson J.N., Nokes D.J., Carman W.F. Current status of HBV vaccine escape variants - a mathematical model of their epidemiology. J. Viral. Hepat. 1998; 5 (Suppl. 2): 25 - 30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson J.N., Nokes D.J., Carman W.F. Current status of HBV vaccine escape variants – a mathematical model of their epidemiology. J. Viral. Hepat. 1998; 5 (Suppl. 2): 25 – 30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асатрян М.Н., Салман Э.Р., Киликовский В.В., Киселев К.В., Сипачева Н.Б., Семененко Т.А. Изучение процессов распространения мутантных вариантов «вакцинального бегства» вируса гепатита В с помощью компьютерной эпидемиологической модели. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. Актуальные вопросы. 2013; 6: 34 - 38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asatryan M.N., Salman E.R., Kilikovsky V.V., Kiselev K.V., Sipacheva N.B., Semenenko T.A. Study of the processes of distribution of mutant variants of «vaccinal escape» of the hepatitis B virus by means of a computer epidemiological  model. Epidemiologiya i infekcionnie bolezni. Aktualnie problemi. [Epidemiology and infectious diseases. Topical issues]. 2013; 6: 34 – 38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waters J.A., Kennedy M., Voet P., Hauser Fi, Petre J., Carman W. et al. Loss of the common «A» determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen by a vaccine-induced escape mutant. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 90: 2543 - 2547.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waters J.A., Kennedy M., Voet P., Hauser P., Petre J., Carman W. et al. Loss of the common «A» determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen by a vaccine-induced escape mutant. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 90: 2543 – 2547.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баженов А.И., Эльгорт Д.А., Фельдшерова А.А., Будницкая П.З., Никитина Г.И., Хац Ю.С. и др. Выявление антител к мутантным формам HBsAg у лиц иммунизированных против гепатита В вакцинами разных субтипов. Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика. 2011; 5 (60): 49 - 53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazhenov A.I., El’gort D.A., Fel’dsherova A.A., Budnitskaya P.Z., Nikitina G.I., Khats Yu.S. et al. Detection of antibodies to mutant forms of HBsAg in persons immunized against hepatitis B with vaccines of different subtypes. Epidemiologia i  Vakcinoprofilaktika. [Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention]. 2011; 5 (60): 49 – 53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баженов А.И., Эльгорт Д.А., Фельдшерова А.А., Будницкая П.З., Никитина Н.И., Хац Ю.С. и др. Сравнительная оценка активности анти-HBs, индуцированных естественным путём или вакцинацией, в отношении различных вариантов HBsAg. Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика. 2012; 2 (63): 76 - 81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazhenov A.I., El’gort D.A., Fel’dsherova A.A., Budnitskaya P.Z., Nikitina G.I., Khats Yu.S. et al. Comparative evaluation of the activity of naturally-induced anti- HBs or vaccination against various HBsAg variants. Epidemiologia i Vakcinoprofilaktika. [Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention].. 2012; 2 (63): 76 – 81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komatsu H., Inui A., Umetsu S., Tsunoda T., Sogo T., Konishi Y. et al. Evaluation of the G145R mutant of the hepatitis B virus as a minor strain in mother-to-child transmission. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (11): e0165674.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komatsu H., Inui A., Umetsu S., Tsunoda T., Sogo T., Konishi Y. et al. Evaluation of the G145R mutant of the hepatitis B virus as a minor strain in mother-tochild transmission. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (11): e0165674.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noto H., Fujii Y., Takahashi K., Kishimoto S., Mishiro S. Therapeutic effect of preS2-containing vaccine in an infant infected with a vaccine-escape variant (Thr127) of hepatitis B virus. Int. Hepatol. Commun. 1997; 6 (3 - 4): 158 - 165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noto H., Fujii Y., Takahashi K., Kishimoto S., Mishiro S. Therapeutic effect of preS2-containing vaccine in an infant infected with a vaccine-escape variant (Thr127) of hepatitis B virus. Int. Hepatol. Commun. 1997; 6 (3 – 4): 158 – 165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merck and Co. Inc. HBsAg escape mutant vaccine. EU Patent 0511 855 A1. Publication date 04.11.1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merсk and Co. Inc. HBsAg escape mutant vaccine. EU Patent 0511 855 A1. Publication date 04.11.1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas H.C., Carman W.F. Hepatitis B vaccine. Patent US 5.639.637. Publication date 17.06.1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas H.C., Carman W.F. Hepatitis B vaccine. Patent US 5.639.637. Publication date 17.06.1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiaSorin International Inc. Escape mutant of the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. Patent US 6.172.193 B1. Publication date 09.01.2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiaSorin International Inc. Escape mutant of the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. Patent US 6.172.193 B1. Publication date 09.01.2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коноплева М.В., Соколова М.В., Фельдшерова А.А., Баженов А.И., Суслов А.П. Серологическое портретирование рекомбинантных антигенов вируса гепатита В. Мед. Иммунология. 2017; 19 (спец. выпуск): 150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konopleva M.V., Sokolova M.V., Feldsherova A.A., Bazhenov A.I., Suslov A.P. Serological portraying of recombinant antigens of the hepatitis B virus. Med. Immunologia.[Med. Immunology]. 2017; 19 (special issue): 150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коноплева М.В., Борисова В.Н., Соколова М.В., Фельдшерова А.А., Крымский М.А., Семененко Т.А. и др. Сравнительная характеристика антигенных свойств рекомбинантных и нативных HBs-антигенов с мутацией G145R и оценка их иммуногенности. Вопросы вирусологии. 2017; 62 (4): 179 - 186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konopleva M.V., Borisova V.N., Sokolova M.V., Fel’dsherova A.A., Krymsky M.A., Semenenko T.A. Comparative characteristics of antigenic properties of recombinant  and native HBs antigens with mutation G145R and evaluation of their immunogenicity.  Voprosi virusologii. [Problems of Virology]. 2017; 62 (4): 179 – 186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben-Porath E., Wands J.R., Marciniak R.A., Wong M.A., Hornstein L., Ryder R. et al. Structural analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen by monoclonal antibodies. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 76 (4): 1338 - 1347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben-Porath E., Wands J.R., Marciniak R.A., Wong M.A., Hornstein L., Ryder R. et al. Structural analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen by monoclonal antibodies. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 76 (4): 1338 – 1347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roohi A., Khoshnoodi J., Zarnani A.H., Shokri F. Epitope mapping of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen by murine monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt). 2005; 24 (2): 71 - 77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roohi A., Khoshnoodi J., Zarnani A.H., Shokri F. Epitope mapping of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen by murine monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt). 2005; 24 (2): 71 – 77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баженов А.И. Совершенствование методов иммунодетекции НВsАg - мутантов вируса гепатита В. Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. наук. Москва; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazhenov A.I. Improvement of methods of immunosuppression of HBsAg mutants of hepatitis B virus. Doctorate of med. sci. diss. Moscow; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rezaee R., Poorebrahim M., Najafi S., Sadeghi S., Pourdast A., Alavian S.M. et al. Impacts of the G145R mutation on the structure and immunogenic activity of the hepatitis B surface antigen: a computational analysis. Hepat. Mon. 2016; 16 (7): e39097.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezaee R., Poorebrahim M., Najafi S., Sadeghi S., Pourdast A., Alavian S.M. et al. Impacts of the G145R mutation on the structure and immunogenic activity of the hepatitis B surface antigen: a computational analysis. Hepat. Mon. 2016; 16 (7): e39097.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коноплева М.В., Соколова М.В., Шевлягина Н.В., Баженов А.И., Фельдшерова А.А., Крымский МА и др. Морфологический анализ вируса гепатита В с эскейп-мутациями в S-гене G145R и S143L. Вопр. Вирусологии. 2017; 62 (3): 119 - 128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konopleva M.V., Sokolova M.V., Shevlyagina N.V., Bazhenov A.I., Fel’dsherova A.A., Krymsky M.A. Morphological analysis of the hepatitis B virus with escape mutations in the S gene of G145R and S143L.Voprosi virusologii. [Problems of  Virology]. 2017; 62 (3): 119 – 128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng X., Weinbergerc K.M., Gehrked R., Isogawaa M., Hilkene G., Kempera T. et al. Mutant hepatitis B virus surface antigens (HBsAg) are immunogenic but may have a changed specificity. Virology. 2004; 329: 454 - 464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng X., Weinbergerc K.M., Gehrked R., Isogawaa M., Hilkene G., Kempera T. et al. Mutant hepatitis B virus surface antigens (HBsAg) are immunogenic but may have a  changed specificity. Virology. 2004; 329: 454 – 464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogata N., Zanetti A.R., Yu M., Miller R.H., Purcell R.H. Infectivity and pathogenicity in chimpanzees of a surface gene mutant of hepatitis B virus that emerged in a vaccinated infant. J. Infect. Dis. 1997; 175 (3): 511 - 523.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogata N., Zanetti A.R., Yu M., Miller R.H., Purcell R.H. Infectivity and pathogenicity in chimpanzees of a surface gene mutant of hepatitis B virus that emerged in a vaccinated infant. J. Infect. Dis. 1997; 175 (3): 511 – 523.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogata N., Cote PJ., Zanetti A.R., Miller R.H., Shapiro M., Gerin J. et al. Licensed recombinant hepatitis B vaccines protect chimpanzees against infection with the prototype surface gene mutant of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology. 1999; 30 (3): 779 - 786.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogata N., Cote P.J., Zanetti A.R., Miller R.H., Shapiro M., Gerin J. et al. Licensed recombinant hepatitis B vaccines protect chimpanzees against infection with the prototype surface gene mutant of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology. 1999; 30 (3):  779 – 786.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamili S. Infectivity and vaccination efficacy studies in animal models of HBV S and pol gene mutants. Antivir. Ther. 2010; 15 (3 Pt. B): 477 - 585.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamili S. Infectivity and vaccination efficacy studies in animal models of HBV S and pol gene mutants. Antivir. Ther. 2010; 15 (3 Pt. B): 477 – 585.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крымский М.А., Борисов И.А., Яковлев М.С., Агафонов М.О., Тер-Аванесян М.Д., Суслов А.П. и др. Рекомбинантный штамм дрожжей Hansenula polymorpha - продуцент мутантного поверхностного антигена вируса гепатита В (варианты). Патент RU № 2586513 C1. Дата публикации 10.06.2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crimsky M.A., Borisov I.A., Yakovlev M.S., Agafonov M.O., Ter-Avanesyan M.D., Suslov A.P. et al. The recombinant yeast strain Hansenula polymorpha is a producer  of the mutant surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (variants). Patent RU No. 2586513 C1. The date of publication 10/06/2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крымский М.А., Борисов И.А., Яковлев М.С., Мельников В.А., Суслов А.П., Семененко Т.А. и др. Способ оценки уровня антител, специфичных к различным вариантам HBsAg вируса гепатита В. Патент № RU 2616236 C1. Дата публикации 13.04.2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crimsky M.A., Borisov I.A., Yakovlev M.S., Melnikov V.A., Suslov A.P., Semenenko T.A. et al. A method for evaluating the level of antibodies specific for various variants of HBsAg of the hepatitis B virus. Patent No. RU 2616236 C1. Publication  Date April 13, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
