Aspects of Enterovirus Infection Molecular Epidemiology in Sakhalin Region (during years 2016–2018)

Relevance.  Annual elevation of enterovirus infection (EVI) incidence in the Russian Federation  as well as in the Sakhalin region determine  a necessity  of continuous  surveillance  involving molecular-genetic  methods  and  phylogenetic  analysis.  Objective:  to highlight epidemiological and molecular-genetic  peculiarities of EVI in the Sakhalin region during 2016-2018 years. Materials and methods.  Analysis of enterovirus incidence were based on official statistical reporting forms. The structure of enterovirus types was evaluated by means of molecular methods and followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results and discussion. A deterioration of epidemic situation concerning EVI that began in 2016 in the Sakhalin region included elevation of incidence and registration of enterovirus outbreaks in childcare facilities triggered by introduction of new enterovirus types or those that were not circulating for a long time suchas Coxsackievirus A-6, Coxsackievirus A-10, Coxsackievirus A-16, ECHO-9. The phylogenetic analysis of Coxsackievirus A-16 detected in the Sakhalin region revealed their similarities with two genovariants of B genogroup (В1а и В1b) that were continuously circulating in Russia and China. In addition, enterovirus ECHO-9 that was also circulating in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation was isolated in Sakhalin region from patients suffering from viral meningitis including two children from two different infection cites of EVI group incidence. Conclusion. An unfavorable epidemic situation concerning EVI was revealed in the Sakhalin region during the last three years of surveillance. It was caused by introduction and further spread among population of Coxsackieviruses A-6, 10, 16 and ECHO-9 that presumably have Russian or foreign origin.

1. Lukashev AN, Ivanova OE, Khudyakova LV. Socio-economic significance of enterovirus infection and its role in the structure of infectious pathology in the world. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2010;5:113–120. (In Russ.).

2. Morozova NS, Chernyavskaya OP, Mikhailova YuM, et al. Enterovirus (non-polio) infection in the Russian Federation in the 2013 season. Population Health and Environment. 2014;10(259):34–37. (In Russ.).

3. Trotsenko OE, Karavyanskaya TN, Ott VA, et al. Long-term analysis of the manifestations of the epidemic process of enterovirus infection in the Khabarovsk Territory and the main factors determining the deterioration of the epidemiological situation in flood conditions. Problems of especially dangerous infections. 2014;1:75–78. (In Russ.).

4. State report «On the state of the sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2016» Available at: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/documents/details.php?ELEMENT_ID=8345 Accessed: 25 May 2019. (In Russ.)

5. Petrukhina MI, Starostina NV. Statistical methods in epidemiological analysis. Moscow; 2006. (In Russ.).

6. Nix WA, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA. Sensitive, seminested PCR amplification of VP1 sequences for direct identification of all enterovirus serotypes from original clinical specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006;44(8):2698–04. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00542-06/.

7. Drummond AJ, Suchard MA, Xie D, et al. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUTi and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012;29(8):1969–73. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mss075.

8. Shapiro B, Rambaut A, Drummond AJ. Choosing appropriate substitution models for the phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2006;23(1):7–9. doi: 10.1093/molbev/.

9. Butakova LV, Sapega EYu, Trotsenko OE, et al. Molecular and epidemiological features of group incidence of enterovirus infection caused by the Coxsackie A6 virus among the population of the Russian Far East in 2016–2017. Pacific Medical Journal. 2018;3:92–96. doi: 10.17238/PmJ1609-1175.2018.3.92-96. (In Russ.).

10. Golitsyna LN, Zverev VV, Parfenova OV, et al. Epidemic variants of non-poliomyelitic enteroviruses in Russia. Medicinskij alʹmanah. 2015;40(5):136–40. (In Russ.).

11. Hassel C, Mirand A, Farkas A, et al. Phylogeography of Coxsackievirus A16 Reveals Global Transmission Pathways and Recent Emergence and Spread of a Recombinant Genogroup. Journal of virology. 2017;91(18):e00630–17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00630-17.

12. Ji H, Fan H, Lu PX, et al. Surveillance for severe hand, foot, and mouth disease from 2009 to 2015 in Jiangsu province: epidemiology, etiology, and disease burden. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2019;19(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3659-7.

13. Golitsyna LN, Fomina SG, Novikova NA, et al. Molecular genetic echovirus 9 variants identified in patients with aseptic meningitis in Russia in 2007–2009. Voprosy virusologii. 2011;56(6):37–42. (In Russ.).