Различные технологии получения пневмококковых иммуногенов:определение новых подходов к их разработке

Актуальность. Применение во всем мире пневмококковых вакцин, в частности конъюгированных (PCV), привело к значительному снижению частоты инвазивных пневмококковых заболеваний у вакцинированных детей и у непривитых людей всех возрастов как при носительстве, так и при увеличении резистентности пневмококка к антибиотикам. Однако «невакцинные» серотипы и бескапсульные (нетипируемые) штаммы стали основными причинами пневмококковых заболеваний. Это требует новых подходов при разработке вакцин, способных привести к серотипнезависимой защите, особенно детей, пожилых и иммунокомпрометированных людей. Пневмококковая вакцина должна защищать от широкого спектра серотипов, индуцировать мукозальный и системный иммунитет, снижать первичную назальную колонизацию и инвазивные формы.

Цель. Обзор посвящен анализу экспериментальных разработок инновационных вакцин на основе протективных белковых антигенов (PPV) с капсульными полисахаридами, адъювантами, системой доставки антигена, а также инактивированных цельноклеточных (WCV) и живых аттенуированных. Особое внимание уделено методам мукозальной иммунизации, учитывая тропизм пневмококка к слизистым верхних и нижних дыхательных путей.

Заключение. На данном этапе наиболее перспективными представляются препараты на основе бактериальных лизатов (РWCV) и протективных белковых антигенов (PspA, dPly), а также этих антигенов в сочетании с адъювантами и, возможно, с некоторыми этиологически наиболее значимыми капсульными полисахаридами.

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