Evolution and Diversity of Hepatitis C Virus and Peculiarity of Modern Laboratory Diagnostic of Hepatitis C Markers
https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2015-14-3-23-30
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which was identified in 1989 - 1990. Later it was included in new genus Hepacivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Due the genetic heterogeneity of HCV, viral isolates was decided to classificate on genotypes and sybtypes in accordance with the sequence of nucleotides in a certain area of the genome. It was discover that the virus infect only human and chimpanzee. Modern molecular epidemiological data, obtained after 2000, indicate monocentric origin of HCV from Africa, most likely from the central part. Probably, in Africa the conditions for feeling HCV-like virus from unknown non-primate mammal to human were formed. Recently HCV-like viruses were found in dogs, horses, bars, and rodents. The most common hypothesis of the HCV origin base on unknown virus, which is belong to genus Hepacivirus and does not infect human-like primate. The virus is included into group of nonprimate hepacivirus (NPHV). In last centure in our country viral intergenotype recombinant RF_2k/1b was appeared. In modern time HCV diversity can appeared as serology poor displayed forms of the virus. Drug-resistant variants of HCV can accumulate and disseminate again the background of antiviral therapy.
About the Authors
L. I. Nikolaeva
Federal Budgetary State Istablishment «Federal State Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named by N.F. Gamaley» of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
E. A. Leybman
Federal Budgetary State Istablishment «Federal State Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named by N.F. Gamaley» of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, State Educational Institute of Higher Professional Training of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation «Russian National Research Medical University named by N.I. Pirogov»
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
G. V. Sapronov
State Budgetary Educational Institution for Additional Higher Professional Training «Russian Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education»
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. Feinstone S., Kapikian A.Z., Purcell R.H., Alter H.J., Holland, P. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 292: 767 – 70.
2. Prince A. M. Nature of non-A, non-B hepatitis viruses. Lancet. 1982; 1: 1181 – 1187.
3. Choo Q.-L., Kuo G., Weiner A.J., Overby L.R., Bradley D.W., Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Sci. 1989; 244: 359 – 362.
4. Choo Q.-L., Weiner A.J., Overby L.R., Kuo G. Houghton M., Bradley D.W. Hepatitis C virus: the major causative agent of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. British Medic. Bulletin. 1990; 46: 423 – 441.
5. Miller R.H., Purcell R.H. Hepatitis C virus shares amino acid sequence similarity with pestivises and flaviviruses as well as members of two plant virus supergroups. PNAS (USA). 1990; 87: 2057 – 2061.
6. Choo Q.-L., Richman H., Han J.H., Berger K., Lee C., Dong C. et al. Genetic organization and diversity of the hepatitis C virus. PNAS (USA). 1991; 88: 2451 – 2455.
7. Robertson B., Myers G.C., Howard T., Brettin J., Bukh B., Gaschen et al. Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: proposal for standardization. International Committee on virus taxonomy. Arch. Virol. 1998; 143: 2493 – 2503.
8. Garry R.F., Dash S. Proteomic computational analyses suggest that hepatitis C virus E1 and pestivirus E2 envelope glycoproteins are truncated class II fusion proteins. Virology. 2003; 307: 255 – 265.
9. Bukh J., Miller R.H., Purcell R.H. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus: quasispecies and genotypes. Semin. Liver Dis. 1995; 15: 41 – 63.
10. Simmonds P., Holmes E.C., Cha T.A., Chan S.W., McOmish F., Irvine B. et al. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74: 2391 – 2399.
11. Simmonds P., Bukh J., Combet C., Delуage G., Enomoto N., Feinstone S. et al. Consensus proposal for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2005; 42: 962 – 973.
12. Simmonds P. Reconstructing the origins of human hepatitis viruses. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 2001; 356: 1013 – 1026.
13. Smith D.B., Pathirana S., Davidson F., Lawlor E., Power J., Yap P.L.,et al. The origin of hepatitis C virus genotypes. J. Gen. Virology. 1997; 78: 321 – 328.
14. Bassett S.E., Brasky K.M., lanford R.E. Analysis of hepatitis C virus-inoculated chimpanzees reveals unexpected clinical profiles. J. Virol. 1998; 72: 2589 – 2599.
15. Pybus O.G., Drummond T., Nakano T., Robertson B.H., Rambaut A.. The epidemiology and iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a Bayesian coalescent approach. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2003; 20: 381 – 387.
16. Sarwar M.T., Kausar H., Ljaz B., Ahmad W., Ansar M., Sumrin A. et al. NS4A protein as a marker of HCV history suggests that different HCV genotypes originally evolved from genotype 1b. Virology J. 2011; 8: 317 – 335.
17. Simmonds P. The origin of hepatitis C virus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013; 369: 1 – 15.
18. Forbi J.C., Purdy M.A., Campo D.S., Vaughan G., Dimitrova Z.E., Ganova-Raeva L.M. et al. Epidemic history of hepatitis C virus infection in two remote communities in Nigeria, West Africa. J. Gen. Virol. 2012; 93: 1410 – 1421.
19. Markov P.V., Penin J., Frost E., Deslandes S., Labbé A.C., Pybus O.G. Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 in Africa. J. Gen. Virol. 2009; 90: 2086 – 2096.
20. Pybus O.G., Barnes E., Taggart R., Lemey, P., Markov, P. V., Rasachak B., Syhavong B. et al. Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in East Asia. J. Virol. 2009; 83: 1071 – 1082.
21. Li C., Lu L., Murphy D.G., Negro F., Okamoto H. Origin of hepatitis C virus in Africa as estimated through an evolutionary analysis of the full-length genome of nine subtypes, including the new sequenced 3d and 3e. J. Gen. Virol. 2014; 95: 1677 – 1688.
22. Iles J.C., Raghwani J., Harrison G., Pepin J., Djoko C.F., Tamoufe U. et al. Phylogeography and epidemic history of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in Africa. Virology. 2014; 464 – 465: 233 – 243.
23. Smith D.B., Bukh J., Kuiken K., Muerhoff A.S., Rice C.M., Stapleton J.T. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology. 2014; 59: 318 – 327.
24. Stapleton J.T., Foung S., Muerhoff A.S., Bukh J., Simmonds P. The GB viruses: a review and proposal classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within family Flaviviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2011; 92: 233 – 246.
25. Kapoor A., Simmonds P., Gerold G., Qaisar K., Jain J.A., Henriquez C. Charakterization of a canine homolog of hepatitis C virus. PNAS (USA). 2011; 108: 11608 – 11613.
26. Pfaender S., Brown R.J., Pietschmann T., Steinmann E. Natural reservoirs for homologs of hepatitis C virus. Emerging Microbes and Infection. 2014; 3: e21.
27. Quan P.-L., Firth C., Conte J. M. Williams S.H., Zambrana-Torrelio C.M., Anthony S.J. et al. Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses. PNAS (USA). 2013; 110: 8195 – 8199.
28. Chandriani S., Skewes-Cox P., Zhong W., Medina J.L., Giannitti F., Nishiuchi E. et al. Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis. PNAS (USA). 2013; 110: E1407 – E1415.
29. Kapoor A., Simmonds P., Scheel T.K., Hjelle B., Cullen J.M., Burbelo P.D. et al. Identification of rodent homologs of hepatitis C virus and pegiviruses. mBio. 2013; 4(2): e00216 – 13.
30. Park Y., Lee J.H., Kim B.S., Kim do Y., Han K.H., Kim H.S. New automated hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen assay as an alternative to real-time PCR for HCV RNA quantification. Clin. Microbiol. 2010; 48: 2253 – 2256.
31. Leybman E.A., Nikolaeva L.I., Sapronov G.V. et al. The significance of quantities detection of core antigen in blood serum of children with hepatitis C. Detskie infektsie. 2014; 2: 8 – 12 (in Russian).
32. Budkowska A., Kakkanas A., Nerrienet E. et al. Synonymous mutations in the core gene are linked to unusual serological profile in hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e15871.
33. Kalinina O., Norder H., Mukomolov S., Magnius L.O. A natural intergenotypic recombinant of hepatitis C virus identified in St. Petersburg. J. Virol. 2002; 76:4034 – 4043.
34. Leybman E.A., Nikolaeva L.I., Samokhvalov E.I., Kyuregayn K.K., Isaeva O.V., Sapronov G.V. et al. Peculiarity of clinical course of hepatitis C in dependence of viral genotypes in children. Epidemiologiya i vakstinoprofilactika. 2015; 1: 19 – 25 (in Russian).
35. Thomas D.L. Global control of hepatitis C: where challenge meets opportunity. 2013; 19: 850 – 858.
36. Alesting E., Arnhold B., Eilard A., Lagging M., Nilsson S., Norkrans G. et al. Core mutation, IL-28B polymorphisms and response to peginterferon/ribavirin treatment in Swedish patients, infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. BMC Infec. Dis. 2011; 11: 124 – 130.
37. Kwo P.Y., Vinayek R. The therapeutic approaches for hepatitis C virus: protease inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors. Gut Liver. 2011; 5: 406 – 417.
38. Enomoto N., Sakuma I., Asahira Y., Kurosaki M., Murakami T., Yamamoto C. et al. Comparison of full-length sequences of interferon-sensitive and resistant hepatitis C virus 1b. Sensitive to interferon is conferred by amino acid substitution in the NS5A region. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 96: 224 – 230.
Review
For citations:
Nikolaeva L.I., Leybman E.A., Sapronov G.V. Evolution and Diversity of Hepatitis C Virus and Peculiarity of Modern Laboratory Diagnostic of Hepatitis C Markers. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2015;14(3):23-30. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2015-14-3-23-30
Views:
800
Email this article 