Evaluation of Risk Factors for Reproductive Significant Disorders in Children and Adolescent: a Case-Control Study results

High  incidence  of  endocrine  and  uroandrologic  disorders  among  children  and  adolescents  results  in  negative  reproductive potential in the future. These disorders include obesity, diabetes, thyroid disease (autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism), delayed puberty, cryptorchidism and varicocele. Despite a wide variety of studies on the problem of infertility, information about risk factors of reproductively significant pathology is currently of limited. Purpose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for reproductively  significant endocrine  and uroandrologic  diseases  in children and adolescents  in St. Petersburg.  Materials and methods. A questionnaire survey of 1 456 parents of children and adolescents was conducted during the period from 2015 to 2017. Results and discussion. It was found that a history of rubella was associated with diabetes mellitus in girls (OR 2.7, CI 1.3–5.5). Risk factors related to the parents’ health were thyroid pathology (2.7; 1.3-5.5), obesity (8.4; 2.5–27.7), varicose veins of mother (5.0; 1.8–14.0), cardiovascular diseases of father (28.7; 3.4–237.6). Insulin-independent diabetes mellitus of close relatives (grandparents) was associated with obesity (3.5; 1.8–6.8) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (6.8; 3.8–12.7) in boys. Toxicosis (2.5; 1.4–4.6), risk of pregnancy termination (2.8; 1.4–5.8), bleeding (5.1; 3.2–1.9), miscarriages (3.3; 1.2–8.9), birth of children less than 2 years apart (2.7; 1.1–6.9), birth weight less than 2 kg (5.7; 1.2–26.5)  or more than 4 kg (5.1; 2.1–12.4)  were found to be risk factors for reproductive significant diseases. There was a relationship between artificial nutrition and obesity in the group of boys (6.5; 2.2–19.0).  The study also revealed that smoking (3.4; 1.6–7.3) and alcohol (2.1; 1.2-3.8)  were risk factors. The use of diapers older than 1 year was a risk factor for cryptorchidism and varicocele (2.8; 1.4–5.6).

1. Kuz’menko ET. Clinico-epidemiological aspects of female infertility (on the example of the Irkutsk region): Doctorate of med. sci. diss. Irkutsk; 2008. (In Russ.)

2. Fedorova ID, Fedorova ID, Kuznecov TV. Genetic factors of male infertility. Zhurnal akusherstva i zhenskih boleznej. [Journal of Obstetrics and Women’s Diseases]. 2007; LVI (1): 64–72. (In Russ.)

3. Danishevskij KD. Reproductive health: global development goals and Russia’s economic potential. Ehkonomika zdravoohraneniya. [Health Economics]. 2010; 9: 17–26. (In Russ.)

4. Adhami S, Tansaz M, Malehi AS, Javadnoori M. The relationship between uterine temperament and vaginitis from Iranian traditional medicine point of view. Indo American Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2017; 4 (10): 3589–3595.

5. Kazemeini SK, Emtiazy M, Owlia F, Khani P. Causes of infertility in view of Iranian traditional medicine: A review. International Journal Reproductive Biomedicine. 2017; 15 (4):187–194.

6. Ramondetti F, Sacco S, Comelli M, et al. Type 1 diabetes and measles, mumps and rubella childhood infections within the Italian Insulin-dependent Diabetes Registry. Diabet Med. 2012; 29 (6): 761–766. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03529.x

7. Kumanov P, Robeva RN, Tomova A. Adolescent Varicocele: Who Is at Risk? Pediatrics. 2008; 121 (1): e53–57.

8. Mirskij VE, Rishchuk SV. Specific weight of cryptorchidism among andrological pathologies in children and adolescents of St. Petersburg and some regions of Russia. Baltijskij zhurnal sovremennoj ehndokrinologii [Baltic Journal of Modern Endocrinology]. 2008; 1: 115–116. (In Russ.)

9. Cosmi E, Fanelli T, Visentin S, Trevisanuto D, Zanardo V. Consequences in Infants That Were Intrauterine Growth Restricted. Journal of Pregnancy. 2011. doi: 10.1155/2011/364381

10. Hasan R, Baird DD, Herring AH, et al. Association Between First-Trimester Vaginal Bleeding and Miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 114 (4): 860–867.

11. Hendrik CC de Jonge, Azad K, Seward N, et al. Determinants and consequences of short birth interval in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014; 14. doi: 10.1186/s12884-014-0427-6

12. Abubakari A, Kynast-Wolf G, Jahn A. Prevalence of abnormal birth weight and related factors in Northern region, Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015; 15. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0790-y

13. de Armas MG, Megías SM, Modino SC, et al. Importance of breastfeeding in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and degree of childhood obesity. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009; 56 (8):400–403. doi: 10.1016/S1575-0922(09)72709-3

14. Ivell R. Lifestyle impact and the biology of the human scrotum. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007; 5: 15. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-15.