In connection with the 75th anniversary of the theory of academician E.N. Pavlovsky about the natural focality of diseases presents the General results of the development of its fundamental theoretical positions. Planned most promising areas for further research, which can immeasurably increase when the combination of modern molecular biology and traditional population-ecological methods for the study of natural foci.

The presence of common vectors of various pathogens determines the high prevalence of combined natural foci of tick-borne infections in Altay Republic. The current state of natural foci is presented in terms of the spectrum of key pathogens transmitted by ticks. Morbidity of major diseases transmitted by the bite of ticks was analyzed.

The features of development of IgM or IgG immune responses to Borrelia antigens (C6, OspC and VlsE) were studied in 155 patients with localized and disseminated stages of disease with Ixodid Tick-borne Borrelioses (ITBB), the cases of mixed infection with ITBB and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) including. Patient sera (n = 373) were examined by a multiplex microarray immunoassay test (PHOSPHAN^TM). At the localized stage of the disease, a positive PHOSPHAN reaction with C6 from B. burgdorferi was observed significantly more frequently in tests for IgG than for IgM at almost all times after tick bite, except for the first week. The frequency of positive samples in tests for both IgM and IgG was higher than for IgG alone, although the difference lacked statistical significance. Positive reactions with OspC or VlsE were observed only in the samples from patients that were also positive for IgM and/or IgG to C6. Therefore, additional detection of IgM to recombinant proteins did not improve significantly the overall sensitivity of the latter PHOSPHAN variant. As compared with ITBB monoinfection, the frequency of positive samples in patients with mixed ITBB + HGA infection was significantly higher (p < 0.05). At the disseminated stage of the disease, the proportion of positive reactions with any of Borrelia antigens for IgM was comparable or higher than for C6-IgG that resulted in a substantial number of patients with negative reactions for IgG; this necessitates the use of alternative methods (e.g., PCR) to exclude false-positive serologic results.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is the main etiologic agent of zoonotic salmonellosis, having spread country wide in Russia. The work covers the main factors for salmonellosis spread. The breeding companies that contribute to the development of local bacteria population at poultry plants are of a paramount importance in terms of maintaining limited heterogeneity of S. Enteritidis and spread of salmonellosis. Migrations of the causative agent and new technologies for eggs and poultry production are additional points for salmonellosis spread.

The first time was identified by PCR in real time in Ixodes ticks and leukocyte blood fractions of persons tested after a tick bite, the existence of a number of pathogens of tick-borne infections (B. burgdorferi s.l., B. miyamotoi, A. phagocytophilum, E. chaffeensis/E. muris, tick-borne encephalitis virus) on two focal areas adjacent to Vladivostok. The infection of I. persulcatus B. burgdorferi s.l. reached 31%, and for the first time identified B. miyamotoi, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia - 4%. Detection of RNA of TBE virus in 2 cases in epidemiological season in 2014, indicating a low potential epizootological natural focuses of TBE in the southern Far East.

Previously, we found high species- and antigenic heterogeneity of spotted fever group rickettsiae circulating in the territories of the Russian Federation. This paper presents the results of the detection of antibodies to R. sibirica and R. conorii by using of complement fixation test and indirect immunofluorescent test (IFT) in the sera of patients after tick bites in tick-borne rickettsioses foci in border areas of Russia and Kazakhstan. The results of the study allow us to recommend carrying out the serological study of the blood sera of patients after tick’s bites using IFT with antigens of Rickettsia species, which circulation is proved or suspected in the area.

The main aspects of epidemiology and epizootology of omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) were analysed. Described: the discovery of virus OHF (1947), the first outbreak of new diseases in districts of Omsk region; comprehensive work for decryption the etiology of OHF of specialists from Omsk and Moscow institutes. In the long-term dynamics of activity of natural foci of OHF stand out 4 periods, what different intensity of epidemic and epizootic processes. The main reservoir of the virus OHF in natural foci and the source of human infection is muskrat. In maintaining populations of the virus is of some significance change of hosts (metaxenosis). Established independent position of the virus OHF in group Flaviviruses of mammals, transmitted by ticks. There are two genovariants of virus OHF.

Hepatitis C is a serious problem for Russian Federation. Determination of HCV genotype/subtype is needed for epidemic control, development of antiviral drugs, vaccines, and planning expenditures for treatment. The aims of the study were to establish the structure of HCV genotype in infected children in Moscow region and to analyse the features of hepatitis, induced by different viral subtypes. Methods. HCV RNA was detected by RT-PCA with a high sensitivity (15 ME/ml). Viral genotyping and determination of intergenotype recombination were done by sequencing HCV genome regions of 5'-NTR-core and NS5B. HCV nucleocapsid antigen (core-Ag) revealing and quantifing in serum were done by ELISA and immunochemioluminesent method. Antibodies to individual structural and nonstructural HCV antigens were determined by ELISA. The level of specific antibodies was determined by titration. Routes of HCV transmission was established by a survey by of parents using the standard protocol. Results. The average age of 63 infected children was 11.3 ± 0.78 years. The main HCV subtypes were 3a (46.03%), 1b (33.3%), and 1a (11.6%). Three children (4.8%) showed intergenotype recombinant RF_2k/1b. Most children have been infected by vertical transmission (69.8%). In order to identify significant differences in hepatitis features we analyzed three groups of children with chronic hepatitis C: the first group - 10 children with subtype 3a, the second group - 10 patients with subtype 1b, and the third group - 7 participants with subtype 1a. There are no significant differences in the symptoms, syndromes and biochemical parameters in these groups. The value of viral load and core-Ag were significantly higher in patients with subtype 3a (P < 0.1) than in the groups of children infected with subtype 1a or 1b. Anti-HCV IgM, anti-NS4 IgG and anti-NS5 IgG in patients, chronically infected by subtype 3a, were detected less often (p < 0.05) than in the other groups. conclusion. The proportion of HCV subtype 3a has increased in infected children in the Moscow region. Intergenotype recombinant RF_2k/1b was firstly detected in children. Patients, infected by HCV subtype 3a, displayed higher viral load and often lack of anti-HCV IgM, anti-NS4ab IgG, and anti-NS5a IgG. Children, infected by HCV subtypes 1a, 1b, and 3a, have no significant differences in the symptoms, syndromes and liver biochemical parameters.

An analysis of official statistics and monitoring of salmonella presented multiyear incidence and etiological structure of salmonella in different age groups. It is shown that the major etiologic significance of Salmonella leading serovars in toddlers (0 - 1 years) is different from that of the older age groups (1 - 2 and 3 - 6 years), which may indicate the possible significance of domestic factors of transmission of infection in this age group.

On territories of the Astrakhan area naturally-nidal diseases the vections of that are eruptive claws are widely widespread. Certain conformities to law, depending on the factors of environment with changing of seasons and weather terms, certain geographical landscapes, anthropogenic factors, come to light at the study of features of epidemic process of these infections. An epidemiology and epizootic situation testifies to activation of natural hearths of Crimean hemorrhagic fever and Astrakhan rickettsial fever, tick infections of dominant on territory of the Astrakhan area.

The basic methodical approaches to the organization of trainings of the specialized anti-epidemic teams in the most approximate conditions to real extraordinary event are described. These trainings purpose the support of operative readiness of the mobile formations of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing to work in an emergency epidemiological area

Generalized the data of domestic and foreign literature on the epidemiology of foot mycoses. An analysis of the incedence of superficial fungal infections in general, and tinea pedis in particular gave. Examined the role of gender characteristics. Assessed the role of agents of foot mycoses (dermatophytes, Candida fungi and molds) in the pathogenesis of the disease in different time periods.

In December 2014 the Scientific Center of Children's Health held a regular meeting of the Coordinating Council for the public study of pneumococcal infections and vaccination in Russia. The meeting was devoted to the beginning of the vaccination of children against pneumococcal disease in the National Immunization Schedule (November 2014) and planning approaches to assessing the results of vaccination in the short and long term.

The pertussis epidemic process is characterized by cyclical ups 2-5 years, high level of child and town population morbidity. Longterm pertussis morbidity dynamics in Ukraine tends to increase. Low coverage of a pertusiss immunization of the children's population, increase of immunocompromised individuals in the population, deterioration of social, economic and ecological factors are adverse conditions for a current of the pertussis epidemic process. The first priority is to maintain an appropriate level of routine immunization of children with increased attention to immunocompromised persons.

Data of the proteolytic and superoxide dismutase activities of Yersinia pestis strains with different plasmid spectrum are presented. It was established that superoxide dismutase activity of the tested Y. pestis strains was not associated with its plasmid composition. Some differences were revealed concerning the proteolytic activity. Direct dependence of proteolytic activity level of the studied Y. pestis strains on pYV plasmid presence in its genome was found.

Recommendations highlighted features vaccination of children with diabeet. It is shown how the immunization scheme may be changed according to the pathology and the age of the child.