The analysis of the vaccine preventive status of infectious diseases in adults in Russia and various countries of the world is presented in the  article. The problems and directions of improving the immunization of the adult population in Russia are identified.

Relevance. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children in whom this virus is the cause of the primary  infection. Goal. The aim of the study is to study the spread of diseases with MS infection in federal districts of Russia

Materials and methods. The Federal Influenza Center collects and automates the processing of weekly information from 24 cities on the number of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in  the total and diagnosed cases (according to polymerase chain  reaction) of influenza, RS virus and other acute respiratory viral  infections in children (0-2, 6, 7-14 years) and adults (15 years and  older).

Results. The average annual incidence of influenza and ARVI, RS virus and Rhino-viral infections, Paragripp and Adenovirus, Boca, Meta and coronas-viral infections in total and in age groups is  shown. The structure of the total incidence of influenza and ARVI in  the population is presented. An increase in the proportion of acute  respiratory viral infections not influenza etiology with a decrease in  age, especially, in children 0–2 years old (up to 16.2%) is shown.

Conclusions. Differences in the total incidence of influenza and ARVI and RS infections by age groups, in districts and cities, and in  different years have been revealed The earlier onset of incidence of  RS infection and the onset of the peak in Khabarovsk and Chita are  revealed earlier than in Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg in all 3 observation seasons.

Relevance. Modern inactivated culture vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) with at least 70% of the population living in the  natural foci of the FE give a high epidemiological effect. Unresolved  issues are the simplification of the cumbersome vaccination scheme,  the optimal number of revaccinations, the protective titer of  antibodies against the Siberian subtype of the TBE virus dominant in Russia.

Goal of this work is to study the state of postvaccinal immunity in the population of the highly endemic area of the Trans-Urals.

Materials and methods. 1381 blood serum of the population vaccinated from 3 to 13 times with vaccines was studied: unconcentrated culture inactivated from strain No. 205 of the TBE  virus produced by «Virion», Tomsk, «EnceVir» produced by  «Microgen», Tomsk, produced by Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immuneand-Biological Products of  Russian.To identify specific antibodies – IgG, IgM, antigen of TBE  virus, sets of reagents of ELISA from «Vector-Best» were used.  Neutralizing activity of sera was determined by the index of  neutralization index with 4 strains of the Siberian subtype of TBE  virus.

Results. The immune layer among the vaccinated population in 10 districts of the Kurgan region, which differ in epidemiological tension, ranges from 69.9% to 94.6%. The intensity of humoral immunity  varied according to IgG titers in ELISA from 1: 100 – 1: 200 to 1:  3200 (rarely 1: 6400). The duration and intensity of immunity  depends on the number of vaccinations and the number of missed  remote revaccinations. Preservation and intensity of immunity with  reliability P = 95%, higher in persons vaccinated 6–10 times  compared with the group of vaccinated 3 times. In persons who had 4–8 booster dose of vaccine, the immunity persisted for 15–19–36 years with an IgG titer of not more than 1: 100. The neutralizing  activity of the sera of vaccinated individuals with antibody titers from 1:100 to 1: 6400 was studied for the Siberian subtype of BCE. The  degree of protection of the vaccinated population against the doses  of the virus found in individual mites is determined. From the doses  of the virus, 57% of the vaccinated population are most often found  in mites, and from the dose of 105– 8%. Recommendations are  proposed on the tactics of revaccination of the population, depending on the level of immunity.

Therapeutic and prophylactic preparations of bacteriophages are considered as an effective modern means of antimicrobial therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Bacteriophages that are part  of the drugs must be certified for confirmation of their lytic and  genetic properties, which ensures the safety and effectiveness of the  use of drugs. In our study, biological and morphological  properties were studied for drug design, the spectrum of  antibacterial activity of bacteriophages isolated in various regions of  Russia was determined. The most important stage of the work was  research on ensuring genetic safety of bacteriophage preparations.  As a result, a composition of 6 strains of lytic bacteriophages of P.  aeruginosa (PaUfa №№ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7) composed of the  morphology of the virions to the families Podoviridae and Myoviridae, the order of Caudovirales, phylogenetic genetic groups phiKMV- likevirus , N4-likevirus, PB1-likevirus. The composition has a wide  spectrum of antibacterial activity (90.7%) with respect to 818  collisional, epidemiologically significant hospital and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa bacteria, and also quite versatile for various remote  territories of Russia and CIS countries.

Immunogenic properties of cell wall (CW) preparations of Francisella tularensis four subspecies are investigated. It is shown that the  preparations from F. tularensis urea lysates are not toxic for  experimental animals. Besides, CW of F. tularensis А-61 subsp. mediasiatica and F. tularensis B-399 A-Cole subsp. tularensis  possess immunogenic activity in experimental tularemia caused by F. tularensis 306 subsp. holarctica.

Objective. In the Russian Federation on the background of the sporadic incidence of measles, the trend is not highly uniform distribution of morbidity on territories of the country with  the formation of local outbreaks, including the result of nosocomial  infection. Find out the causes of the outbreak, for example the  territory, for 15 years keeping and epidemic well-being in relation to  measles, high vaccination coverage in children and adults, to assess  the capacity of health care organizations and epidemiology to  prevent the spread of measles and the elimination of flash was the goal of this research.

Material and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was held: the incidence of measles for the period 2001–2016 in the  Sverdlovskiy region ; 76 «Cards epidemiological case investigation  suspected measles», was from October to December 2016; the  analysis of the extraordinary and final reports of the measles  outbreak, reports on the activities carried out in the outbreak  of  measles. Laboratory verification of cases suspected were examined  the ELISA method in the Perm regional centre, on the basis of  detection of specific IgM and/or IgG increase. Molecular genetic  research of 15 clinical specimens were performed at the Scientific- methodical centre on supervision of measles and rubella  (Gabrichevsky Research Institute by Epidemiology & Microbiology»,  Moscow).

Results. During the period c from 40 to 51 week of 2016 measles ill 76 people, mostly (66 persons) residents of the city of  Yekaterinburg. Prevailed among the infected children was 67% (51  persons), usually not vaccinated against this infection – 90% (46) of  children had a measles vaccination. All cases were laboratory  confirmed. Expected sources or place of infection was established in  90.8% of cases. Among cases and 72.4% (55 persons) amounted to  unvaccinated against measles, 11.8 per cent(9 people) were vaccinated once, of 15.8% (12) had a two-fold vaccination. In  8 hospitals was 8 foci of measles, 6 of which had spread. Among the  cases of measles identified in health facilities, 35 children and 19  adults, including 5 health workers and 3 medical students. The  formation of foci of nosocomial infection contributed to missed cases  of measles, late diagnosis, significantly reduce the effectiveness of  anti-epidemic measures. The results of molecular genetic studies of  15 clinical samples of patients selected at 42–44, and 47–49 weeks  possible to establish the circulating strains of measles virus genotype D8. Epidemiological investigations and the common genetic variant  circulating genotypes, selected at different stages of measles spread  from different foci made it possible to combine all cases in one  outbreak. Analysis of clinical manifestations of measles have testified to the fact that measles is proceeded typically in 92.2% of cases.  Eleven drifts infection in educational institutions of Ekaterinburg was not accompanied by the secondary spread, indicating good collective immunity.

Conclusion. Thus, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of measles showed that in conditions of sporadic measles in doctors reduced vigilance against measles. Late diagnosis of measles and as a consequence of its failure to carry out anti- epidemic measures led to the spread of infection, as well as skid  measles in other medicine organization, which consisted of  nosocomial foci. The present outbreak showed that measles requires  constant attention, especially during her long absence in the region.  It is only possible to prevent sustained secondary transmission if measles vaccination coverage is high for the entire population.

The improvement of epizootic-epidemiological surveillance of anthrax in the Russian Federation acquires particular urgency in modern conditions. The aim of the study was to assess the current  situation of anthrax in the Russian Federation and to develop and implement effective technologies of epizootic-epidemiological  surveillance. The materials of the study were data from official  statistics, information-analytical and archival materials; GIS  «Anthrax» data and The Cadastre of the settlements characterized  by persistent risk of anthrax in the Russian Federation, as well as  materials of publications and results of own researches. The modern  manifestations of both epizootic and epidemic processes of anthrax  in the Russian Federation, characterized by the occurrence of  outbreaks during the reduce in incidence of anthrax among humans  and animals, were revealed. The directions of the current  surveillance system have been determined.

Relevance. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent chronic pathology of the lungs in children of the first year of life, especially among children born with extremely low and very low  birth weight.

Goal. The safety, immunogenicity and preventive efficacy of Prevenar 13 in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia were assessed

Materials and methods. There were 29 children under observation, as well as 29 non-vaccinated children as a comparison group. Oxygen support was not needed by any child with BPD. Children in both groups had consequences of perinatal involvement of the central nervous system. Prevenar 13 vaccine was used for immunization.

Results. The level vaccine adverse event following immunization in the group of vaccinated children was 16.7 ± 0.07%. One child had a  high body temperature up to 39.5 °C, it was required to prescribe  antipyretic drugs in the age-related dosage. All vaccine adverse event following immunization disappeared on 2 day. Local reactions were not recorded.

Conclusions. The use of the Prevenar13 vaccine has established high preventive efficacy among preterm infants with BPD, a decrease in the incidence of otitis media by 3.5 times. Evaluation of  the immunogenicity of the Prevenar 13 vaccine among children with  BPD showed good immunological efficacy (a 4-fold increase in the mean geometric titer of antibodies at 28 days after vaccination).

Recommendations highlighted features vaccination children with hemoblastosis. It is shown how the immunization scheme may be changed according to the pathology and the age of the child.

The paper reviews the incidence of pertussis, immunization tactics and diagnostic methods in 8 countries in the European Region
in 2001–2016. The surveyed countries were selected based on the  incidence of whooping cough: high, relatively high, medium and low. The results obtained showed that the reduction in the incidence of  whooping cough is typical for those European countries where the  immunization against pertussis regimen includes additional  revaccinations of preschool and pregnant women, as well as when coverage of the primary vaccination series exceeds 95%. With the growth of inapparent and not typical forms of the course of whooping  cough, the use of only the bacteriological method of diagnosis does not show the true morbidity.

At present, pneumococcal infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, being one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. Some medical conditions, like  diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with an increased risk of  pneumococcal infections and vaccination was calculated to be highly  cost-effective among those adults with an increased risk. The article  analyzes world data on pneumococcal infection morbidity rate among diabetes mellitus patients and possible ways of reducing it through  immunization. In December 2011, the Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) licensed 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)  for prevention of pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in  adults aged ≥ 50 years. However, the efficacy of PCV in individuals  with specific comorbidities is yet unknown. The article presents the  findings of research which investigated the efficacy of  antipneumococcal vaccination among diabetes mellitus patients. It  also gives data of first-hand experience of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use (Prevenar 13, Pfizer).