The article describes the current paradigm of teaching epidemiology, demonstrated modern technologies, forms and methods used in the educational process of the Department of epidemiology and evidence-based medicine of the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. It is shown that the training of epidemiologists should focus on the formation of professional competencies of skills required for future professional activities in the bodies and institutions of Rospotrebnadzor and the Ministry of healthcare.

The structure of HCV genotypes/subtypes and dynamics of its changes in a cohort of adult patients with chronic hepatitis C (n = 17229) was studied during 2008-2015 in the Moscow region. The prevalence of subtypes 1b and 3A HCV, whose relative density have made 47.5% (95%CI 46.8 - 48.3%) and 39.4% (95% CI 38.7 - 40.2 per cent) respectively was revealed. The average proportion of subtype 1A HCV was 5.4% (95%CI of 5.1 - 5.8%) and genotype 2 - 7.2% (95% CI 6,8 - 7,6%). It was established that the dynamics of 1b subtype HCV relative density was characterized by a moderate decline rate of 1.3% per year, while the proportion of subtype 3A HCV increased (+2.9% per year). The differences in the ratio of subtypes 1b and 3A HCV were revealed when dividing the patients by gender. The subtype 1b HCV was more frequently identified in women during the observation period. In the cohort of male patients a shift of the leading HCV subtype was detected - since 2010, the 3A subtype HCV was identified with a higher frequency than subtype 1b HCV. It was shown that in patients under 30 years the proportion of subtype 3A HCV was higher than in the age group older than 30 years, regardless of gender.

Study aim - a comparative analysis of dynamics and trends in the prevalence of viral hepatitis B and C and drug addiction in Russia and Moscow in the period from 1999 to 2014. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the prevalence of viral hepatitis B and C, and drug addicts was performed among the population of Moscow and the Russian Federation for the period from 1999 to 2014. The forms of federal statistical observation were applied. To assess the significance of differences between the compared values, the statistical significance error (p) were calculated based on the calculation of Student's test (t). Results and discussion. The tendency of growth in prevalence of drug addiction was verified over the study period in Moscow and in Russia as a whole (in Moscow, 166.3 (1999) to 257.37 100 ths people (2013), in Russia 154.75 (1999) to 227.19 100 ths people (2013)). However, the growth rate of drug addiction prevalence has decreased in recent years mainly due to the decrease in the number of patients who applied for medical help for the first time. It was shown that a composition of the consumed drugs has changed in the studied period in Russia: Portion of cannabinoid addiction has decreased in 2 times, the abuse of stimulants in 19 times. The opium addiction compiled the main portion of consumed drugs (74.5%), the poly addiction - 18.3%, the proportion of addiction to stimulants was 3.5%. Epidemiologic features of the of parenteral viral hepatitis B and C was demonstrated: Reduced prevalence of acute forms and an increased incidence of chronic forms of hepatitis B and C in the population of Moscow; changes toward older age in representation of hepatitis B and C; sexual transition was defined as a main transition way for hepatitis B and C. For the first time it shows a very strong positive correlation (r = from 0.95 to 0.96) between the primary drug addiction and the incidence of acute forms of hepatitis B and C in Moscow and the Russian Federation in 2000 - 2013. Conclusion. The retrospective analysis of the prevalence of drug addiction and viral hepatitis B and C showed the presence of common factors affecting the course of the epidemic process in the studied nosology; drug addicts still represent a risk group for infection with viral hepatitis B and C.

Early detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infections are one of the most urgent problems of childhood TB, as it is based mostly on a set of attributes (epidemiological, clinical, radiological, laboratory) due to lack of the possibility of obtaining diagnostic material for microbiological examination for the majority of patients. Immunological skin tests play an important role in this process as an opportunity to define the formation of high-risk groups for TB, followed by additional methods of inspection to confirm or exclude the disease.

Role of regional cultural mass events as potential threats for epidemics of the dangerous infectious diseases associated with implementation of external and internal epidemiological risks is demonstrated. The algorithm of organization and realization of the measures to support epidemiological well-being during a regional event is presented.

A molecular genetic analysis of 23 samples of blood serum/plasma taken from patients with chronic hepatitis B was performed. The dominant genotype among studied group was genotype D (71.4%); the rate of genotype A and genotype C was 10.7 and 17.9%, respectively.

The results of molecular genetic studies of clinical samples taken from three foci of outbreaks of enterovirus infection, registered on the territory of Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast from 2012 through 2013 were reported. Several strains of enteroviruses were obtained: strains of Coxsackie A-4 and Coxsackie A-16 from De-Kastri rural locality, strains of ECHO-6 from Ust’-Urikma (Amur Oblast) and strains of Coxsackie A-6 from Raichihisnsk (Amur Oblast). Use of molecular genetic methods for investigation of collective morbidity and outbreaks of enterovirus infection help to confirm the identity of enteroviruses, isolated from patients and to identify the imported cases of infection.

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is the most common cause of the failure in treatment and of adverse outcomes among children with congenital malformation of the lung (CML) and cystic fibrosis (CF). Purpose: To evaluatae the safety of anti Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine in children with congenital malformation of the lung and cystic fibrosis. Material and methods: 81 hospitalized children aged 5 to 17 with congenital malformation of the lung and cystic fibrosis participated in the research. 47 patients not experiencing exacerbation during basic therapy were vaccinated with anti Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine Pseudovac that consists of structural and extra-cellular antigens of the 8 immunotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The control group included 34 children who were not vaccinated, and had P. aeruginosa acquisition or infection. All the patients were under observation for the period of one year. Results: Pain in the injection site was registered in 74.5% and 76.6% of cases after the first and the second administration respectively. Further injections (3rd, 4th and 5th) of the vaccine caused much less local pain. In the majority of cases pain was mild and disappeared without medication within 24 hours. Redness in the injection site was registered in 29.8% of cases after the second administration of the vaccine. After further injections it was significantly less common. Local swelling in the injection site of not more than 25 mm after the first injection of the vaccine was registered in 57% of the cases, and in 100% of the cases after the second injection. It lasted less than 24 hours. Among vaccinated patients fever up to 37.5 degrees Celsius was registered in 23,4% of the cases. And up to 38.5 degrees in 4,3% of the cases. The reaction was observed within two hours after the injection and appeared regardless of the number of administrations lasting no longer than 24 hours. There appeared other single general reactions such as headache, dizziness or dry cough lasting up to 6 hours.

The problem reactions on vaccines remains actual during many years. To date there is possibility vaccination of children with heavy pathology. The necessity of defence of children with neurological pathology from the guided infections is conditioned by the high risk of origin of complications after the carried infections from that a child was not in time instiled. To the review the results of researches on safety, clinical and immunological efficiency of vaccines are driven against a whooping-cough, diphtheria, measles and parotitis for patients with pathology of the nervous system. Had an experience shows frequency of the undesirable phenomena in a period after vaccination of children with neurological violations.

Long-term persistence of immunity was assessed in 1756 healthy adults (4 - 74 years of age) with documented immunization against tick-borne encephalitis. Serologic studies indicate that the protective immunity is associated with age, number of vaccine doses and time since the last vaccine dose. 411 persons were vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis over 10 years ago. Most of them (67,5%) had protective antibodies. In some cases, the immunity lasts up to 34 years after last vaccination.

An isotypic structure of system antibody response to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was analyzed in adult volunteers vaccinated with two inactivated monovalent subunit vaccines against pandemic influenza. The comparison group consisted of patients infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. In vaccinated volunteers the more active response of influenza-specific antibodies both with neutralizing properties (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3) and associated with allergic inflammation (IgG and IgE) was observed in comparison with infected patients. The high activity of the virus-specific serum IgA was observed both in infected patients and vaccinated volunteers. Antiviral hemagglutinating activity of antibodies in post-vaccination sera of vaccinated volunteers, unlike sera obtained from infected patients in the phase of recovery, were higher than protective level (1:40) according to HAI data.

Brucellosis living dry vaccine, used for immunization of brucellosis, has a number of drawbacks. In this regard, the article discusses the using of immunomodulators for enhance of the effectiveness of immunization and reduce of the risk of side effects and complications. Likopid, polioksidony and timogen were used as immunomodulators. As a result of valuation cellular and humoral immunity of different laboratory animals and valuation of protective efficacy of brucellosis living vaccine, the presence of a complex stimulating effect on the efficiency of immunogenesis licopid was established.

Pyobacteriophage polyvalent cleared (preparation) is active against 85.0 - 99.6% clinical strains of bacteria Proteus spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The preparation surpasses the majority of antibiotics in the width of a range of antibacterial activity and is comparable only with modern antibiotics of the last generations. Unlike the majority of antibiotics, the preparation doesn't cause toxic and allergic reactions, has no contraindications to application, including age, is allowed for use for newborns and children of early age that gives the chance to regard him as highly effective and safe medicine for antibacterial therapy. The results of metagenomic analysis of pyobacteriophage polyvalent cleared indicate that the product contains only lytic bacteriophages and does not contain lysogenic bacteriophages, that guarantees high concentration of lytic bacteriophages in a preparation high degree of his antibacterial and clinical efficiency and genetic safety of its clinical application.

Recommendations highlighted features vaccination of children with rheumatic diseases. It is shown how the immunization scheme may be changed according to the pathology and the age of the child.