Relevance. The sanitary and epidemiological emergency caused by COVID-19 has revealed a number of problems in the readiness of the healthcare system to respond, which was expressed, among other things, in the resource base. In the context of the unfolding epidemiological crisis, a number of changes have occurred in the regulatory framework, including updates to documents related to sanitary and epidemiological regulation and circulation of medical devices, as well as the release of a huge number of new personal protective equipment (PPE). During these processes, contradictions arose in the documents regulating the use of PPE, in the terminology used, in the trade names and characteristics of PPE. These contradictions complicate the selection of PPE of a certain level of protection and corresponding to certain provisions of mandatory documents and can lead to an increase in the terms of purchase and delivery of products to organizations, as well as the purchase of products that do not provide the required level of protection and do not comply with certain provisions of mandatory documents. To establish compliance or identify contradictions between the provisions of sanitary and epidemiological standardization documents, nomenclature classification of medical devices, state and interstate standards in terms of terminology and description of certain types and characteristics of PPE registered as medical devices against infectious disease pathogens. Materials and methods. A study of the regulatory and legal documentation governing the use of PPE and circulation of medical devices, the terminology base, including state and interstate standards, was conducted. Starting from 2020, information was collected on the personal protective equipment against biological factors offered for purchase, the presence of registration certificates for PPE and the relevance of their validity were checked according to the state register of medical devices, information was searched in the registry records, and the type of medical device was determined according to the corresponding nomenclature classification. A comparison of the descriptions of the types of medical devices and trade names with the nomenclature classification, provisions of sanitary rules and state/interstate standards was carried out. Results. The nomenclature classification, state and interstate standards (GOST) do not include such types of medical products as "anti-plague suit" (set, device, adaptation), anti-plague gown, anti-plague scarf (large, small), while their use is regulated by sanitary legislation. A significant number of GOSTs do not apply to PPE used for medical purposes and for protection against biological factors. There are contradictions in the sanitary rules regarding the use of PPE, as well as discrepancies with the provisions of GOST and the nomenclature classification of medical products. These contradictions complicate the processes of providing organizations with PPE due to the complexity of choosing the necessary products and purchasing them. It is necessary to revise, eliminate contradictions, systematize individual provisions of regulatory documents governing the use and handling of PPE used for medical purposes. Conclusion. It is necessary to carry out work aimed at: eliminating contradictions in regulatory documents of different levels; harmonizing regulatory documents issued by various departments, including those related to worker safety. In the context of current and potential sanitary and epidemiological emergencies, it is necessary to ensure the adaptation of medical organizations to crisis phenomena, form unified approaches in the legal field, facilitate work in the areas of epidemiological support for medical activities and improve the system of protecting medical personnel from biological threats.

Relevance. Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) annually occupy leading positions in terms of morbidity and economic damage both in the world and in the Russian Federation. From an epidemiological point of view, it is important to constantly monitor the circulation of influenza and ARVI viruses, as well as assess the immune structure of the population to respiratory viruses. An analysis of the features of the epidemic process of acute respiratory viral infections is necessary for further improvement of epidemiological surveillance measures for this group of infections. The aim of the study was to assess the level and prevalence of specific antibodies to various variants of the influenza virus and other relevant respiratory viruses, taking into account the epidemiological features of their circulation in Moscow during the epidemic season of 2023–2024. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the incidence of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections was carried out using the form No. 2 of the Federal State Statistical Observation "Information on infectious and parasitic diseases" and data from the weekly national bulletin on influenza and Acute Respiratory Viral Infections of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "A.A. Smorodintsev Influenza Research Institute" and the Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.F. Gamalei National Research Center" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the epidemic season 2023–2024. Molecular genetic methods (RT-PCR) were used for the etiological interpretation of disease cases and serological (ELISA, RTGA) methods to assess the level of specific antibodies (IgG) to topical pathogens of acute viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. Results and discussion. In 2024, Moscow noted an improvement in the epidemic situation for influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections compared to 2023. In the examination of 19 030 patients hospitalized at ICB No. 1 in Moscow, it was found that the proportion of influenza viruses in the structure of respiratory infections was 13.8 %, including influenza A(H3N2) – 11.8 %, A(H1N1)pdm09 – 0.5 % and B – 1.5 %. A study of the immunostructure of different groups of the city's population showed that hemagglutinating antibodies to influenza A(H3N2) virus (91.9 %) and type 3 parainfluenza (96.3%) (p > 0.05) were most often detected among children; In adults, significant differences in quantitative indicators of the immune response were found only in relation to the type 1 parainfluenza virus. The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 remained at a relatively low level during the season, with the exception of certain weeks in the summer and autumn period of 2024, when the proportion of positive samples exceeded 10 %. The total contribution of SARS-CoV-2 to the structure of acute respiratory viral infections was 13.6 %. Conclusion. A decrease in the activity of SARS-CoV-2 and a simultaneous increase in the proportion of other respiratory viruses in the SARS structure indicates a return to the pre-epidemic features of the pathogen circulation.

Relevance. Expansion of the National vaccination schedule by including immunization against a number of infections not included in the National vaccination schedule is designated as one of the main activities in the Plan for the implementation of the «Strategy for the Development of Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases for the Period up to 2035» approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. At the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the tasks of expanding the list of immunization against a number of infections can to solve within the framework of the Regional vaccination schedules. Aim. To summarize the experience of implementing regional immunization programs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to develop optimal approaches to the development of Regional vaccination schedules and improvement of the National vaccination schedule. Materials &methods. A continuous retrospective cross-sectional study conducted, the material for which was information on the implementation of regional immunization programs in 2017-2019 and 2022-2023 submitted by offices of Rospotrebnadzor in the regions of the Russian Federation in December 2023 in accordance with the request of Rospotrebnadzor on the website http://report.gsen.ru. Results. At the time of the study, regional immunization programs were in effect in almost all federal subjects, and regional preventive vaccination schedules approved in 22 subjects, which included vaccinations planned for implementation in the National vaccination schedules. Аt the end of 2023, routine vaccination against meningococcal infection was carried out in 22 regions, vaccinations against chickenpox were carried out in 19 regions, against hepatitis A in 19 regions, against rotavirus infection in 14 regions, against human papillomavirus in 13 regions, and revaccination against whooping cough in 7 regions. The target population groups for additional vaccinations were not the same in different federal subjects. In recent years, most regions have seen a systematic increase in the list of diseases against which vaccinations carried out, an expansion of the target groups for vaccination, and an increase the amount of immunizations. Discussion. The implementation of Regional vaccination schedule allows testing and selecting the optimal tactic for usage of the vaccines planned for introduction into the National vaccination schedule. However, the volumes of purchases of additional vaccines to the National vaccination schedule in the regions remain insufficient to demonstrate the effect of prevention at the population level, not all regions have legislatively formalized regional programs, which complicates sustainable financing, and the choice of target groups to vaccination against a particular infection is not sufficiently epidemiologically substantiated. Conclusion. The experience of implementing regional schedules of preventive vaccinations shows the possibilities of expanding the National vaccination schedule, however, given funding constraints, regular adjustments of regional vaccination schedules and the selection of priority target groups for vaccination are necessary.

Relevance. Mass immunization of the population is the most reliable way to prevent infectious diseases, but its effectiveness depends on a number of conditions, both objective and subjective. One of the main subjective factors should be considered the attitude of the population towards the question of the expediency and safety of mass vaccination. Aim. of the study is to assess the state of public opinion regarding the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases in different population groups. Materials and methods. A survey of Moscow residents (N=1035) was conducted in order to determine their attitude to the problem of specific prevention of infectious diseases. To analyze the data obtained, a distribution was made based on the presence/absence of higher education and the age of the respondent – up to 40 years and over 40 years. The method of parametric standardization of indicators was used to compare the values of unequal samples. Results. It was found that 83.0 % of respondents have a positive attitude towards mass vaccination, 17.0 % have a negative attitude towards it. It is shown that 86.0 % of people under the age of 40 approve of mass vaccination, while only 76.8 % over the age of 40 approve. The main sources of information for respondents of all groups were: the attending physician, visual campaigning in medical institutions, as well as official information posted on the websites of the Ministry of Health and Rospotrebnadzor. The importance of the media in shaping public attitudes towards mass immunization is relatively small. The media was mentioned by 8.4 % as a source of information, regardless of its orientation. Conclusions. The results of the sociological survey indicate that society does not sufficiently assess the relevance of the problem of infectious diseases and the importance of mass immunization as the main tool for its prevention. Despite the availability of evidence base and official recommendations, 17% of respondents expressed distrust of vaccination and consider it dangerous, while 9.6% indicated that they were not interested in this topic. These data indicate a lack of public awareness, which may contribute to a decrease in vaccination coverage and, as a result, an increased risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease.

Relevance. Vaccination in modern conditions can protect the population from many infections, but achieving a sufficient level of disease reduction requires adequate population coverage, which depends on the reproductive index of the infection. Public adherence to vaccination is determined by the level of awareness among the population and healthcare workers, as well as by the socio-economic development of the country, its cultural and religious values. Comparative screening studies of public adherence to vaccination across different countries have not been conducted. Objective. The aim of this study is a comparative assessment of the commitment of Russian and foreign medical university students to vaccination. Materials and Methods. A comparative assessment of adherence to vaccination was conducted in 2024 through a screening sociological survey. Respondents from Asia, Africa, and Russia participated in the survey. The study involved 203 respondents from a medical university, of whom 123 were citizens of the Russian Federation and 80 were foreign citizens. The questionnaire included questions on the importance, effectiveness, safety, and attitudes toward vaccination against specific infections. Results. A comparative analysis of adherence to vaccination against various infections among Russian and foreign citizens revealed significant differences in attitudes toward vaccination. Foreign respondents more often expressed positive attitudes toward vaccination against hepatitis B, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and other infections, whereas Russian respondents, despite a higher rate of actual vaccinations, frequently expressed doubts or negative attitudes. The most pronounced differences were observed regarding vaccination against COVID-19 and human papillomavirus (HPV), where Russian citizens demonstrated lower levels of trust. Differences were also found in sources of information: Russian citizens more frequently relied on medical institutions and official websites, whereas foreigners were more likely to trust physicians’ recommendations and online resources. Conclusion. The comparative analysis showed a generally high level of adherence to vaccination among respondents in both groups, but with marked differences for specific infections. Foreign citizens were more likely to have a positive attitude toward immunization against hepatitis B and COVID-19, while Russian citizens showed greater adherence to vaccination against pertussis, diphtheria, influenza, and tick-borne encephalitis. Differences in sources of information, levels of doubt, and negative attitudes toward vaccination highlight the need for a differentiated approach in public health education targeting various population groups.

Relevance. Surgical hand antisepsis is one of the components of the system for preventing infections in the surgical area (SSI). It is believed that modern surgical antiseptics allow for the complete removal of transient and partially resident microflora from the skin of the hands with minimal negative impact on the health of employees involved in surgical interventions. In the Russian Federation, there is a unified technology for surgical hand antisepsis, which is scientifically and methodologically substantiated and regulated by current sanitary rules. At the same time, adherence to the standard procedure of surgical hand antisepsis by healthcare workers (HW) remains unknown, and the negative impact of the antiseptics used on the skin of the hands and the health of employees has been practically not studied in recent years. Aim. To analyze the implementation of a standard surgical hand antisepsis procedure by medical workers involved in surgical interventions and the impact of modern antiseptics on their well-being. Materials and methods. Analyzed 1,335 electronic questionnaires, including information covering various aspects of surgical hand antisepsis from 33 medical organizations (MO) of 12 subjects of the Russian Federation. The recipes for hygiene products and antiseptics were specified in the instructions for drugs from thematic information and reference systems or official websites of manufacturers (143 units). The work used epidemiological (descriptive-evaluative and analytical), sociological and statistical research methods. Conclusions. The main violations of the technology of surgical hand antisepsis in the Ministry of Defense were: the use of liquid soap with disinfectant additives, non-sterile wipes for drying hands after washing, failure to comply with the decontamination time at certain stages of the technology, the use of water-based antiseptics, and the lack of hand care products for employees by the administration. All of the above are violations of the technology of surgical hand antisepsis approved at the legislative level. A negative impact on the health of MR of a number of detergents and antiseptics, as well as individual violations in the technology of the procedure, was established. An assessment was made of the commitment to surgical antisepsis of different categories of employees, and proposals were formulated to improve hand antisepsis for practical healthcare.

The spread of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers across all countries highlights their significance as a major public health concern (with Paratyphoid B also being relevant for veterinary medicine). The use of agglutinating diagnostic sera enables the serological identification of Salmonella bacteria through agglutination reactions. Purpose – to produce hyperimmune agglutinating sera against Salmonella using various immunization schemes and to study the biochemical and immunological parameters of the obtained serum samples. Materials and Methods. The following Salmonella strains were used for immunization (in the production of hyperimmune antisera): S. typhi 002140/4446, S. typhi 003788/18, S. typhi 003909/135, S. typhi 003901/418, S. typhimurium 004453/11, S. enteritidis 000571/867, S. paratyphi B 001150/34, S. anatum 001022/885, S. paratyphi A 000652/217. These strains were obtained from the National Collection of Pathogenic Microorganisms (Groups III-IV of human infections) at the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Epidemiology, Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (RSSPMCEIPD) of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Corpuscular antigens of inactivated Salmonella strains were used for immunization. The hyperimmune sera were studied using bacteriological, biochemical, serological, and statistical methods. Results. Experimental research led to the creation of a bank of 72 diagnostic serum samples for Salmonella detection. The study of polyvalent diagnostic sera showed an increase in total protein, globulin, IgA, and IgG levels after the first, second, and third immunizations (on days 7, 14, and 21). Conclusion. Given that the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, and IgG in the experimental animals peaked on day 28 of immunization, sera with high specific activity against various Salmonella strains can be obtained after four weeks.

Relevance. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), caused in the Russian Federation (RF) by serogroups A, C, W, Y, and B, ranks among the leading causes of mortality from infectious diseases in children and adolescents under 17 years of age, resulting in a significant medical and social burden. The epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation has deteriorated substantially in recent years, reaching the highest incidence rates in the past 5 years, including among adolescents, which necessitates improving approaches to vaccine prevention for this age group as the second priority after infants in the first months of life. Aim. To analyze the effectiveness of the new conjugate meningococcal vaccine MenACWY-TT and its compliance with the criteria for selecting a vaccine for routine immunization of adolescents within the framework of regional immunization schedules and vaccination programs. Materials and Methods. A review of clinical studies involving over 17,000 participants, including adolescents, evaluating MenACWY-TT in comparison with other quadrivalent vaccines (MCV4-CRM, MCV4-TT, MCV4-DT) is presented. The parameters assessed include immunogenicity (seroprotection, seroconversion, GMT), safety, and the potential for co-administration with other vaccines. Results and Discussion. In adolescents aged 10–17 years, MenACWY-TT vaccine demonstrated statistically significantly higher or comparable immune response across all parameters compared to other meningococcal vaccines against serogroups A, C, W, Y. Immunity developed rapidly (by day 6), persisted for up to 7–10 years, and achieved 99–100 % seroprotection upon revaccination. The vaccine demonstrated a favorable safety profile and compatibility with vaccines against 15 infections, including those recommended before military conscription. Conclusion. MenACWY-TT vaccine fully meets the criteria for routine immunization of adolescents in the Russian Federation: high immunogenicity against serogroups relevant in the RF during vaccination and revaccination, rapid development of immune protection that persists for 7–10 years, proven safety and compatibility with all vaccines in the national immunization schedule and those recommended before military conscription.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, following the prevalence of obesity is increasing all over the world. However, the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria makes it difficult to assess the epidemiological patterns of it. The development of preventive measures for this condition will prevent the development of pathologies that are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Objective. To highlight modern aspects of diagnosis, epidemiology, risk factors, existing and perspective directions of the prevention of metabolic syndrome in the world and in the Russian Federation, according to the scientific literature. Results. The increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is observed in different countries of the world. Taking into account both individual and population risk factors, that are described in the literature for today, it is necessary to include the principles of personalized medicine in the prevention strategies of this condition. Conclusions. A multidisciplinary approach to the problem of metabolic syndrome will not only improve the detection and diagnosis of this condition, but also apply preventive measures in the risk groups, which can be identified using epidemiological methods of gathering and processing information.

Relevance. 3 agents raccoonpox, skunkpox and volepox belonged to orthopoxviruses of the New World until 2015 years. In last ten-years period skunkpox virus using as vector for creation recombinant vaccines for animals. After 2015 years this group supplemented some more agent primary called virus Alaska, was isolated from ill man. After 2020 years 6 causes of illness by this virus, now named borealpox virus, was registries. Aim. Summary of available information on viruses endemic to the North American continent. Evaluations of еffectivity vaccines on the base virus raccoonpox in laboratory conditions and in Wild World. Monitoring of changes pathogencity virus borealpox by clinical symptoms at infected peoples. Materials. The work uses data from publications posted on the websites of international biomedical research search engines% PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, etc. Results and discussion. Raccoon, skunk and vole smallpox viruses endemic to North America, isolated from their host animals, have specific features that affect their distribution in nature. The high degree of genetic similarity between orthopoxvirus species suggests that rodents may represent the primary ecological reservoir for members of this genus. The most studied representative of the raccoon pox pathogen has an attenuated phenotype and is used as a vector for the creation of vaccine preparations. Based on the construction of a phylogenetic tree, it was found that the orthopoxviruses of the New World are closely related to the orthopoxviruses of the Old World (Eurasia and Africa), and the Alaska virus, capable of infecting humans, forms a separate monophyletic branch. Sequencing of the Alaska virus genome revealed that its closest relative is the Akhmet virus. Human infection with the boreal smallpox virus occurs through contact with small mammals. Conclusion. Analysis of the published data makes it possible to establish that raccoonpox, skunkpox and volepox viruses are not pathogenic to humans. Vaccines on the base virus raccoonpox is immunogenicity and safety for animals and can using as baits. Virus borealpox evoke variola-like disease, proceed in light form at immunedominante peoples. Infected of man by this virus origin by contacts with small mammalians. Study of genomic virus structures all 4 orthopoxviruses of New World allowed conducting their phylogenetic analysis. Established, that raccoonpox, skunkpox and volepox viruses form these parating branch relatively other orthopoxviruses species. Agent of borealpox form the fisting monophyletic branch with localization between orthopoxviruses Old World and New Word, but narrowly related with orthopoxviruses Old World and this relationship execute still on the level of their ancestors.