Пептидные и м-РНК вакцины: особенности иммуногенности и иммунопротективности

Актуальность. Современные вызовы здравоохранению заключаются в риске формирования пандемических вариантов возбудителей и требуют переосмысления классических подходов к профилактике инфекционных заболеваний, в частности, внедрения эффективных, безопасных, универсальных и быстрых методов производства вакцинных препаратов.
Цель. Провести анализ научной литературы об особенностях м-РНК и пептидных вакцинных препаратов. Поиск публикаций проводился в базах данных PubMed, Google Scholar и e-library.
Выводы. Оба варианта платформ для разработки вакцинных препаратов, помимо очевидных преимуществ, имеют и недостатки. Для м-РНК вакцин наиболее существенными ограничениями являются ее нестабильность и необходимость хранения и транспортировки при температуре не выше минус 80 °С, что существенно снижает их доступность странам с ограниченными экономическими возможностями. Несмотря на это, в период пандемии COVID-19 именно м-РНК стала платформой для создания западными странами (США и Германия) вакцин против SARS-CoV-2. Наиболее активно развивающиеся направления в разработке м-РНК вакцин против инфекционных заболеваний, кроме COVID-19 стали: вакцины против гриппа, респираторно-синцитиального вируса, бешенства, малярии, ВИЧ, вируса Эбола, вируса Зика и цитомегаловируса. Пептидные вакцины, несмотря на удобство транспортировки, нуждаются в усилении иммуногенности различными адъювантами, а также довольно затруднительны в производстве из-за сложности формирования четвертичной структуры белковых эпитопов антигена возбудителя. До настоящего времени первую и вторую стадию клинических испытаний прошли зарубежные пептидные вакцины против следующих возбудителей: гриппа, ВИЧ-инфекции, гепатита С, туберкулеза, малярии, лейшманиоза. Как мРНК, так и пептидные вакцины в организме человека подвергаются быстрому разрушению, что побуждает разработчиков осваивать новые молекулярные методы доставки матрицы вакцины в клетки-мишени.

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