Introduction. Pneumococcal meningitis (PM) refers to severe manifestations of pneumococcal disease with high mortality and frequent post-infectious complications. In the context of the introduction of vaccination against pneumococcal infections in the Russian Federation healthcare practice increases the importance of close monitoring of the spread of the PM in the country, identifying areas of concern, the definition of risk and serotype structure of pneumococcus, which is an essential component of the assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination. Materials and methods. We collected 1380 cases identified by the PM on the territory of the Russian Federation in 2010 - 2014. We analyzed the incidence, mortality, mortality, age distribution, social belonging PM patients in the whole country, and in the federal districts. Determined serotype affiliation 35 pneumococcal strains isolated from patients with PM in Russia in 2015. Results. The proportion of pneumococci in the etiological structure of bacterial meningitis during the 2010 - 2014 fluctuated in the range of 18.4 - 24.8% and averaged 22.1%. The incidence of the PM in the Russian Federation in 2010 - 2014 determined at the level of 0.19, the death rate - 0.03. The level of mortality in pneumococcal meningitis in the Russian Federation in 2010 - 2014 increased from 13 (2010) to 21.1% (2014), the average was 17.1%. The most vulnerable age groups were adults over 25 years old and children up to 6 years. Among children under the age of 6 years mortality was 10.7%. The study of serotypes of 35 pneumococcal strains showed that in 2015 serotype structure of invasive pneumococcal vaccine serotypes maintained dominance, the proportion reached 75% for PCV13 and 54% for PCV10. Conclusion. The problem of pneumococcal meningitis remains valid in the Russian Federation. Active use of vaccines, especially in children, will reduce the incidence of this infection and the severity of its consequences.

Relevance. In Russia every year are registred 100 or more cases of tularemia, with about 70% of them in the Central, Northwest and Siberian federal districts. Goal. Assessment of the current epidemiological situation on tularemia in the North-West Federal district (NWFD). Materials and methods. By means of a MapInfo Professional-10,5 GIS-package information on selection of cultures of the activator of a tularemia and the recorded incidence was transformed to the database on the basis of which GIS layers were created. Definition of geographical coordinates of places of isolation of cultures of a tulyaremiyny microbe from biological objects in the territory of the NWFD is carried out by means of the GoogleEarth program. Results. In 2001 - 2015 in NWFD incidence observed in all regions of the district, except Novgorod and Pskov regions. But the analysis of incidence of a tularemia allowed to reveal the sick people who infected in the territory of these regions that means there regions is endemic of tularemia. There remains a strong tendency to increase the incidence of tularemia urban population.The lack of permanent monitoring of natural eyes of tularemia in some regions of the district, does not allow to trace the development of epizootic process and to assess the intensity and magnitude of epizootics. As a result, activation of natural foci of tularemia is not noted, which increases the risk of human infection in these areas. Conclusions. Insufficient or complete lack of vaccination of people against tularemia living in areas enzootic for this infection may lead to complication of the epidemiological situation.

Relevance. Superoxide anion has bactericidal properties and is also an important inducer of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. We have created F. tularensis 15/sodBII strain with transiently decreased FeSOD synthesis level and more sensitive to oxidative stress. So we suggest that the modified vaccine strain have lower reactogenicity. Goal. Studying of effect of sodB gene expression modulation on biological properties of vaccine F. tularensis strain 15 NIIEG. Materials and methods. F. tularensis survival in macrophage-like cell line J774.1A and in spleen and liver of infected mice were analyzed through colony-forming unit enumeration. Strains reactogenicity was assessed by the dynamics of change in weight of infected mice. Efficacy of immune response generated by mutant strain of F. tularensis 15/sodBII was estimated with virulent F. tularensis strain Schu S4 infection in the BALB/c mice model. Results. Degree of protection was significantly more pronounced in the mice vaccinated with the strain F. tularensis with decreased sodB gene expression in comparison with parental F. tularensis strain NIIEG 15. Conclusions. The modified strain of F. tularensis 15/sodBII may be consider as a promising variant for development of a new tularemia vaccine with reduced reactogenicity.

Relevance. Virological laboratory of the Department of prevention of diseases and Sanitary Inspection Healthcare Ministry f of the Kyrgyz Republic is nominated as the National Centre for Influenza Surveillance and accreditated by WHO, and in 2009 is included into a global network of influenza Goal. The purpose of this study - Assessment of epidemic features of manifestations of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in 2009 on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, as a comparative study of the molecular and genetic characteristics of influenza A virus (H1N1) pdm09, circulating on the territory of the Republic and the influenza virus reference strains recommended WHO for inclusion in the vaccine for the northern hemisphere. Materials and methods. On the basis of long-term retrospective analysis of the incidence of influenza and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), and sentinel epidemiological surveillance (SS) data studied pandemic especially in Kyrgyzstan due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Comparative molecular genetic characteristics of influenza viruses A(H1N1)pdm09 allocated in Kyrgyzstan, with reference strains recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for inclusion in the vaccine. Results. Overall, the analysis of the results of laboratory tests carried out as part of the routine and sentinel surveillance showed that from January 2009 to March 2010 at 38.8% of those surveyed from among, influenza viruses (at 655 out of 1687) were found. From January to April 2009 in the main circulating influenza A virus (H3N2), which accounted for 55.9 - 77.9% of the number of positive findings. Seasonal influenza A virus (H1N1) was detected in January - February (35.3 and 13.4%, respectively). The share of the flu virus in January accounted for 8%, in March-April - 25%. Not typeable influenza A virus was detected in February in 8.7% of cases. Conclusions. The results of the molecular genetic and virological studies have shown that the influenza pandemic in 2009 in the Republic was due to the spread of pandemic influenza virus A (H1N1) pdm09.

Territory of Primorsk is endemic for tularemia, leptospirosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and tick-borne infections. Human (146) and animal (373) samples were examined by bacteriological, serological and molecular-genetic methods. Seroprevalence in humans is weakly expressed except tularemia (14.0-40.4%). Lack of tularemia antibody in cattle (n = 40) indicates low significance of blood-sucking insects as the infection vectors. Small mammals (n = 333) were infected with Francisella (34.1%), Leptospira (38.4%) and Hantaviruses of Puumala and Hantaan genotypes (8.7%). Two cultures: L. borgpetersenii and L. kirschneri serogroups Javanica and Grippotyphosa were isolated. High activity of the infection natural foci requires appropriate preventive measures.

Previously it was established that different species of genus Rickettsia were detected in Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, rickettsial species spectrum of some regions of Kazakhstan has not been studied. Dermacentor niveus ticks from Southern Kazakhstan were investigated using cell cultures by shell vial technique. The first isolates close related to genotypes Rickettsia raoultii RpA4 and DnS14 were obtained. The role of these agents in tick-borne rickettsioses morbidity in Southern Kazakhstan is discussed.

Relevance. HIV infection epidemic in the Siberian Federal District (SFD) continues to develop with a tendency to incidence growth. The prevalence indicator in the district on 1/1/2015 made 948,4 on 100 thousand of the population. Since 1996 within 20 years in Siberian federal district the group which is the most affected with HIV infection were the consumers of injecting drugs (CID). The greatest number of patients with HIV is registered among males from risk groups in age group of 30 - 39 years (25.8%). And the combined infections lead risky behavior in respect of HIV infection to increase in number of the dead. Goal. Studied the frequency distribution of mutations associated with resistance of human immunodeficiency virus to three main classes of antiretrovirals in patients on therapy, as well as «naive» patients Materials and methods. The study is supposed to monitor the epidemic process of HIV infection in the Siberian Federal District in 2001 - 2015. Results. Patients on therapy, noted the prevalence of mutations of HIV to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The "naive" patients in the majority of cases revealed no mutations associated with resistance. Conclusions. Established the dominance of HIV subtype A1, along with a significant proportion of circulating recombinant form 02_AG and 63_02А1.

Clinical picture of diseases caused by VZV in immunocompromised patients is often differed from healthy people and has no visible skin damage. Diagnostics in such cases is difficult but it is important to find out real reason of health deterioration for assignment the treatment. That explains usefulness of molecular methods in diagnostics of VZV-infection. So the goal of this study was checking out usefulness of diagnostics based on detection viral DNA in clinical samples by real-time PCR method. We used pools of peripheral blood samples from sick and healthy patients as clinical materials for analysis and Varilrix vaccine sample as a source of positive control viral DNA. Main methods used here were DNA extraction and real-time PCR in the version of TaqMan probes; amplification reactions were made in triplicates for each sample with standard deviation of threshold cycles less than 1.5%. Amplification results of clinical samples from patients were analyzed by comparison with the results from positive control viral DNA. Final resulting figures were slightly varied and dependent on selected for amplification VZV genome fragment (orf 29 or orf 38), and viral DNA had been detected in 48% of sick patients and only in 4% of practically healthy donors without zoster symptoms. Concluding, we approved the possibility of use real-time PCR as a molecular method for laboratory diagnostics VZV-infection including atypical and subclinical disease forms. One of the advantage of the method described is the possibility of DNA detection straight from blood samples (without extra purification steps such as preparation mononuclear cell fraction from blood samples), therefore this approach can accelerate and simplify diagnostic procedure.

The article shows that to maintain health, diseases prevention and country biosafety requires a deep knowledge of basic preventive health care discipline - epidemiology. Experts-epidemiologists are in demand both in the institutions of Rospotrebnadzor (Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing) and the Ministry of Healthcare. Analysis the educational process in departments and epidemiology courses of 48 medical colleges indicated the importance of the organization in all medical college individual faculties or epidemiology courses where have worked as a lecturer specialists of «medical and prophylactic business», or certificate epidemiologist, or doctors a degree in the specialty «epidemiology». There is necessary «rejuvenation» of the lecturer staff. Also in connection with a significant change in the epidemiology of the application area is necessary to organized regularly training for epidemiology lecturer.

Relevance. In Russia, acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) account for 93% of all infectious diseases. Flu is more serious disease than many ARVI. Flu especially dangerous for people aged 60 years or older, for the reason that they have a weakened immune system, and as a rule there are a chronic diseases. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent flu. In the Sverdlovsk region of long-term epidemiological monitoring has shown that vaccines can provide protection for up to 92% of persons from some social and age groups. Vaccination of elderly has features because of decline of cellular and humoral immune response to foreign antigens. There is evidence that the addition to the inactivated influenza vaccine immunomodulators immunogenicity of vaccines increased significantly. Goal. To evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine Grippol® plus with immunomodulator Polyoxidonium® for elderly people aged 60 and older Materials and method. Medical immunobiological drug Grippol® plus -three valency inactivated polymer-subunit influenza vaccine produced by LLC «Scientifically Production Association Petrovax Farm»: 5 microgram hemagglutinin current strains of flu virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) and type B, 500 microgram immunoadjuvant Polioksidonium® in phosphate-salt buffer. The vaccine does not contain a preservative. Polioksidonium® - immunomodulator produced by LLC «Scientifically Production Association Petrovax Farm», which contains as active substance 12 mg Polyoxidonium (azoximer bromide) in a mixture with excipients: mannitol, povidone, betakarotene - up to 18 mg; lactose, potato starch, stearic acid to produce tablets weighing 0.25 g. Placebo - tablet in appearance and packaging are not different from Polioksidonium® produced by LLC «Scientifically Production Association Petrovax Farm» without the active substance and containing potato starch, stearic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, lactose monohydrate, betakarotene to obtain tablets with a weight of 0.25 g. Study Design: A prospective open «case - control» randomized placebo-controlled study. Results. Clinical study demonstrated a high safety and areactogenicity profile and immunologic, clinical and epidemiologic efficacy of the Grippol® plus vaccine in people aged 60 and over treated previously with Polyoxidonium® or placebo. Immunogenicity of the vaccine met all the criteria of the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products for all three flu virus stains in 21 - 28 days and 6 months after vaccination in both study cohorts. We found no statistically significant differences in the frequency of general and local reactions and immune response rate between the cohorts vaccinated with Grippol® plus with the prior use of Polyoxidonium® or placebo. The incidence rate of acute respiratory viral infections in the age group 60+ immunized with the Grippol® plus vaccine was twice as low as that among the non-vaccinated, p < 0.05.

Aim: epidemiological zoning of the territory of Khabarovsk region that was conducted in accordance with levels of potential epidemic risk regarding dysentery in order to specify the priority of vaccination measures and non-specific prophylaxis of the reported infection under conditions of liquidation of flood aftermath. Materials and methods. Epidemiological zoning of the territory of Khabarovsk region was conducted by ranging based on the sigmal deviation method of long-term annual average dysentery incidence rates. Efficiency evaluation of specific and non-specific prophylactic measures were conducted by comparison of dysentery incidence rates in 2013 with long-term annual average rates. Results and discussion. In the study, calculated sigmal intervals were used as criteria to classify administrative entities of Khabarovsk region as one of the groups ranged by the levels of tension of epidemiological situation in the territory: satisfactory, relatively tense, significantly tense, and critical. Two last groups of Khabarovsk region territories most of which are geographically associated with basin of the Amur River were classified as territories that are under risk of complication of the epidemiological situation on dysentery during the period of large-scale flood. Conducted analysis was used as the basis to provide emergency measures on preventive vaccination against dysentery and coverage with phage therapy of the population aggravated by flood of 2013. Conclusion. Through the example of Khabarovsk region, it was shown significance of detection of risk territories in order to substantiate specific prophylaxis of dysentery that is performed under epidemic indications. Significant decrease of dysentery incidence rates due to introduction of vaccination among inhabitants of most territories of Khabarovsk region covered by flood, it proves to be epidemiologically effective in the period of emergency situations.

Relevance. Live influenza vaccines are highly effective and currently used in the Russian Federation and the United States. Goal. To investigate especial features of immune response of mice, immunized by different types of live influenza vaccines and infected later by virulent influenza strain. Materials and methods. Mice were immunized by two types of live influenza vaccines candidate: cold-adapted (CA) reassortant, which inherited the 6 «internal» genes from the CA donor A/Krasnodar/101/35/59 (H2N2) and 2 genes encoding the surface proteins HA and NA from the virulent strain A/WSN/33 (H1N1) and site-specific mutants on the basis of A/WSN/33 strain, in the genome of which has been included mutations from genes of CA strains of influenza virus, encoding proteins of the polymerase complex. Immunized mice were then infected by a virulent A/WSN/33 strain of influenza virus. Results. It was shown that CA reassortant RKr35/WSN/33 and site-specific mutants Tr. № 5 and № 8 in contrast to the virulent A/WSN/33 strain were characterized by pronounced ts-phenotype and att-phenotype. Both types of live vaccines after two-time intranasal immunization induced in mice a relatively low level of humoral antibodies (log₂ 4,5 ± 1,2 - log₂ 6,0 ± 0,7). Despite the low level of induction of humoral response both types of live vaccines had similar marked protective efficiency. However, animals immunized with CA reassortant was characterized by a significant weight loss after infection with a virulent influenza strain (25%), while the infection of animals, immunized with site-specific mutants, by a similar dose of virulent flu strain has very little impact on their weight characteristics (8 - 13%). Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that antibodies to surface proteins of the virion, induced in the process of immunization, slightly inhibited the initial replication of the virulent strain and suggest that these differences in the symptoms of the infection depend on the characteristics of activated T-cell immunity. This circumstance could have a significant impact on metabolic processes in organism of infected animals.

Presented the recommendations for vaccination, depending on the severity of the pathology of the thymus gland. Highlighted post-vaccination period and the formation of specific immunity.