Comparison of spatial-temporal spread of influenza in the Northern and southern hemispheres according to the WHO and the analysis of the epidemic of influenza in Russia in the 2014 – 2015 season, according to the research Institute of influenza on the incidence of influenza and ARI in 59 cities of Russia.

It is shown that in the season 2014 – 2015 in the Northern hemisphere, the intensity of the epidemics was higher in North America and Europe than East Asia and North Africa. In the Southern hemisphere have experienced low influenza activity. In the etiology of epidemics in countries of both hemispheres was dominated by influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B. The proportion of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was less in the Southern hemisphere was higher than in Northern countries. The incidence of influenza A(H3N2) in the Northern hemisphere was predominantly linked to the new strain A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2), differing from the vaccine. In Europe, the majority of circulating influenza B strains were related to the strain B/Phuket/3073/2013, did not match the vaccine.

In Russia the intensity of the influenza epidemic in 2015, was more than the previous epidemic of 2014, the prevalence in the cities, the morbidity especially children 7 – 14 years of age and adult population, the incidence of hospitalization with a diagnosis of «influenza» and the number of deaths. 

The 100 children with local forms of tuberculosis (LFT) were examinated used by the method of continuous sampling. The results of the LFT immunodiagnostic with the Diaskintest (DST) in the children were evaluated. Diaskintest were started applying in Samara one of the first from Russia. The confirmation of the tuberculosis in children with LFT was done in 99% of cases by the positive skin tuberculin tests and in 84% by Diaskintest positive. It is shown that Diaskintest can not be taken as an absolute diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of the tuberculosis. Were noted that the FGA stimulated IFN-γγ production level were significantly reduced (1,7 times), the DST stimulated IFN-γγ production level were elevated more than 18 pg/ml in the children with negative skin Diaskintest. This observation shows that the issues in the fields of tuberculosis immunodiagnostic require further investigations. 

To determine frequency of Herpes simplex (HSV), Varicella zoster viral (VZV) and Сytomegaloviral (CMV) coinfection with tuberculosis (TB) we examined 45 patients with pulmonary TB and 62 healthy donors, 25 of them were healthcare workers in tuberculosis hospital and the rest 37 had no previous contact with TB. None of the participants had vesicular rash of skin or mucosa. For diagnosis of herpes viral infection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of HSV, VZV, CMV IgG in PBMC supernatants was performed. A significant increase in CMV (53.3%) and HSV (40%) infection in TB patients was observed comparing to healthy donors (p < 0.05; 19.4 and 16.1% respectively). Frequency of VZV infection in TB patients (17.8%) and healthy donors (8.1%) differed statistically unsignificantly. Levels of specific IgG secretion in PBMC culture in both groups in case of VZV and CMV infections didn’t differ, but in case of HSV coinfection in TB patients mean level of HSV IgG secretion (1.106 ± 0.297 OD) significantly exceeded mean level of HSV IgG in PBMC supernatants of healthy donors with asymptomatic HSV infection (0.285 ± 0.048 OD, р < 0,05). The obtained data give evidence of an association of pulmonary TB and herpes viral infections. Influence of these coinfections on course and morbidity of TB requires further research. 

Parvovirus infection (PVI) is an important but little-known problem in the Russian Federation. Its clinical manifestations are characterized by different clinical entities that require differential diagnosis, as with other viral infections, as well as non-communicable diseases and epidemiological significance of PVI determined the prevalence of the development of epidemic outbreaks, mainly in organized groups. Medical and social - with teratogenic virus, as well as the possibility of its transmission at gematransfuziyah. The main risk groups - pregnant women, patients hematological profile. In the absence of recording and reporting the incidence of people is impossible to establish the scale of the spread of parvovirus infection. Crucial in this respect are laboratory studies that reveal the prevalence of its laboratory markers. 

Introduction: Review of official reports for the last 10 years revealed that up to 5% of the country population suffers from acute respiratory infections (ARI) annually. The study aimed to research the actual incidence by analyzing the prevailing behaviors in populations with respiratory symptoms.

Methods: The prospective behavioral study was conducted at the outpatient clinic No 1 in Bishkek, with the number of catchment population aged above 18 totaling 25,057. Selection of respondents was based on systematic sampling. Every hundredth resident was selected from the electronic database of the catchment population. 224 people above 18 were actually enrolled in the study. The survey continued from November 2012 to April 2013. Except for the first interview, all follow-up interviews were done over the phone. For the purposes of the study, individuals in the study group were considered cases if they exhibited symptoms of ARI, according to the WHO Regional Office for Europe guidance for sentinel influenza surveillance in humans (2011). The survey results data analysis was performed using the Epi Info statistical software.

Results: From November 2012, to April 2013, 61.2% (224) of the observed population became ill. 46.7% were ill with ARI once, 40.1% – 2 – 3 times, 11.7% – 4 – 7 times, as a result 137 people got sick a total of 307 times (136,161 per 100,000 population), only 75 cases sought medical attention (24.6%). The incidence rates in the observed group of patients with ARI (75/305) who sought medical care per 100,000 population comprised 33,482.1. According to the routine surveillance in 2012 – 2013 epidemic season, there were 34,637 cases of ARI (3,826.9 per 100,000 population). In the fall, the incidence totaled 36.8%, in winter – 20.2% and in spring 29.1%. The incidence rates by age group, gender, and presence of children in the family did not have statistically significant differences. The most frequent symptoms were as follows: cough (64.6%), rhinitis (61.0%), headache (58.1%), and sore throat (50.1%).

Conclusions: In the 2012 – 2013 epidemic season, the incidence of ARI in the observed population was 35.6 times higher than the registered incidence in Bishkek, which indicates the low rate of seeking care. 

The article shows a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of acute intestinal diseases in 2004 – 2013 in Sumy region. The etiological structure was studied. The properties of Klebsiella pneumoniaе, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Enteritidis in a cross-species interaction in populations were studied.

It was found, the incidence rates were in the range 159.8 – 193.9 per 100 000 population. The structure of the nosology of acute infectious diarrhea, acute intestinal infection caused by opportunistic pathogens accounted 44.4%. Among the etiologic agents prevailed Klebsiella (28.2 – 34.7%), S. aureus (17.1 – 25.2%) and Enterobacter (12.6 – 18.8%) (p < 0.05). From fecal samples of children were isolated Rotaviruses in 39.5% of cases, adenoviruses – 28.2%, noro-, enteric- and astroviruses respectively – 26.2, 10.4 and 3.2%.

It was found the changes in microecological characteristics of intestinal biocenosis in individuals without signs of acute intestinal infection. Association of micro-organisms was characterized by the absence or reduction in the number of representatives of obligate (Bifidobacterium), increasing the number of Enterobacteriaceae, the presence of coliform hemolysing, fungi of the genus Candida, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Among causative agents of diarrhoeal infections K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae and S. Еnteritidis in vitro were revealed indifferent relationships, S. aureus and S. Еnteritidis – synergistic.

The seasonality of shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) from the 20th century till nowadays in the Niznhiy Novgorod Region was compared with the data on the Russian Federation. The year dynamics was characterized by the transformation of the peak month from July (in the beginning of the 20th century) to the autumn and winter period (in the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century). We demonstrated the different statistical features of the shigellosis seasonality and its variations during more than hundred years. The range of variations per month decreased almost 20 times, the seasonality index dropped 8.3 times, the seasonality coefficient decreased almost 4 times. Thus, the different parameters of the shigellosis epidemiology were exposed to the significant evolutionary shifts. We critically estimated the opinions of different scientists concerning the factors that can influence the year dynamics of the dysentery morbidity rates. We also showed the need of the profound and complex studies of the evolutionary changes of shigelloses by different professionals. 

The results of the analysis of the experience of regulatory method of receiving voluntary informed consent (refusal) of preventive vaccinations in some foreign countries and in Russia were presented in this article. The conclusion about the imperfection of accounting form of informed consent for vaccination and conclusion of necessity to change this approach for its formalization in Russia are made. 

The analysis of safety and efficiency of vaccination of the children born before the term (61 children of 1 – 4 degree of prematurity) and children born in time (21 children – group of comparison). For vaccination and revaccination was used: DTP (20 and 15 children respectively), DTaP (22 and 4 children), pentavalentny vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib – 9 and 2 children) and DT (10 children of the studied group with convulsion in the anamnesis). Against measles, mumps and a rubella was immunized 47 and 20 children respectively. After immunization all clinical symptoms was analyzed and after 2 months diphtheria measles and mumps antibodies was detected.

Prematurely born children has the 1 vaccination for 3 – 4 months later, then infants, with born at time. After vaccination 75.4% and 74.5% infants in both groups hadn’t any clinical symptoms. Acute respiratory infection was registered with the same frequency (25,5 – 25.0% and 24.6 – 23.8%). The antibodies titer to diphtheria, measles, mumps didn't depend on degree of prematurity. 

Objective: to study the clinical efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Subjects and methods. The investigation enrolled 102 patients (78 women and 24 men, aged 23 – 70 years), including 72 patients with RA and 30 people without systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (a control group) who had a recent history of 2 and more cases of lower respiratory tract infections (bronchitis, pneumonia). When included, all the patients received anti-inflammatory therapy with methotrexate (MT) (n = 52), leflunomide (LEF) (n = 10), or MT + tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) inhibitors (n = 10). A single 0.5-ml dose of the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine was administered subcutaneously during continuous MT or LEF therapy for the underlying disease or 3 – 4 weeks before the use of a TNF-α inhibitor. During control visits (1 and 3 months and 1 year after administration of the vaccine), the patients underwent physical examination and routine clinical and laboratory studies.

Results. No clinical and radiological symptoms of pneumonia were recorded in any case during a 12-month follow-up. The RA and control groups showed a more than 2-fold increase in anti-pneumococcal antibody levels 1 year after vaccination. The vaccine was well tolerated by 67 patients. 27 patients were observed to have pain, cutaneous swelling and hyperemia and 8 patients had subfebrility. There were neither episodes of RA exacerbation nor new autoimmune disorders during the follow-up.

Conclusion. The findings suggest that 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine shows a good clinical efficacy, adequate immunogenicity, and good tolerability in the patients with RA. 

The study has resulted in the comparative estimate of the immunological activity of the preparations (LPV) with optimal storage mode and after exposure to extreme temperature (37 ± 1 °С) for 6 days, followed by storage at (4 ± 2 °С). Data obtained during the study indicate an identical immune response. After-heat LPV sample did not reduce the ability to exercise immunological activity during the three-year storage (shelf-life of the drug). When the animals vaccination in this group, total number of T-lymphocytes are increased and signs of humoral immunity are shown earlier. Thus, we can predict more labile conditions on the transportation of live bacterial vaccine without compromising its characteristics. 

Live attenuated («att») vaccines based on cold-adapted («ca») strains are a promising approach of influenza prophylaxis enhancement, however, effectiveness evaluation as well as interrelation with immunogenicity should be elucidated, especially for vaccines against type B influenza.

Sterile, pure and concentrated viruses were prepared using a parent wild-type influenza type B and a live «ca» strain derived from the wild-type strain, and their biological activity and phenotype were fully characterized. Mice intranasally immunized twice with the live «ca» vaccines developed sterile immunity (wild-type virus was not isolated in chicken embryos (below limit of detection) from lungs of immunized and subsequently infected mice), however, sera antibodies in hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) were also not detected (below limit of detection).

Live «ca» vaccines against influenza type B viruses are effective, however, protection from infection was not determined by HAI antibodies. Further studies using various methods of immunogenicity evaluation and characterization of mechanisms of protection for influenza vaccines, first of all «att», are needed. 

Difficulties in the therapy of infection, caused by S. aureus, depends on the resistance of staphylococci to antibiotics, proceeding to chronicity of the diseases and the development on that background the depression of innate immunity functions and decreasing of the host resistance to the infection. In spite of tremendous efforts of researchers, up to date there are no commercial antistaphylococcal vaccine the efficacy of which would be proved in the completed clinical trials.

Aim: obtaining secreted protein-based substances of the S. aureus № 6 and investigation their immunogenicity.

Material and methods. Secreted protein-based substances (SPS) were obtain as: «initial» – from the filtrates of the culture fluid of the S. aureus № 6, grown to the end of the exponential phase according to the technology described previously [9], and I SPS and II SPS – after the ion-exchange chromatography of the «initial» SPS on the columns with Q-Sepharose and DEAE-Sepharose. The level of specific IgG antibodies in sera of immunized rabbits and mice determined in ELISA, the immunogenic activity evaluated in experiments of active and passive protection from the challenge performed on BALB/с mice and also by the determination of the bacterial content in organs and in the test of abscesses formation in kidneys. Results. Investigated SBS possessed the antigenic activity (the level of specific IgG antibodies in sera of immunized animals increased 2.2 – 7.5 times compared to the control groups), that is favor of the activation of the adaptive immunity system and significant protective activity revealed in experiments of active (index of efficacy 2.63 – 4.28) and passive protection. The immunization of mice with the «initial» and II SPS led to significant decrease of the number of colonyforming units of S. aureus and formation of abscesses in kidneys of mice. It is evidently, that investigated SPS, influence on the severity of staphylococcal infection and possesses the therapeutic effect.

Conclusion. The preformed complex analysis at the current stage allowed to reveal perspectives of the further study of «initial» and II SPS in pre-clinical trials, as candidates, possessing the high protective facilities, for including them in the drug composition for immune prophylaxis and immunotherapy of diseases, caused by S. aureus.

Recommendations highlighted features vaccination of children with with recurrent and chronic inflammatory ENT pathology. It is shown how the immunization scheme may be changed according to the pathology and the age of the child.