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Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention

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Vol 15, No 3 (2016)
https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-3

CONFERENCE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

7-14 1044
Abstract
Relevance. One of the prognostic criteria meningococcal infection (MI) epidemic status process is the increasing number of resistant to antibiotics meningococcal strains. Aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of invasive strains of N. meningitidis susceptibility to antibiotics in Moscow in 2006 - 2015. Materials and methods. Studied 98 strains of N. meningitidis, isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MI. The study changes of sensitivity N. meningitidis to antibiotics was occured in two periods: first -2006 - 2011 and second - 2012 - 2015. The MIC was determined by E-test. Results. In the present study revealed for the first time the Russian strains of N. meningitidis, moderately resistant to penicillin (5 strains) and resistant to rifampicin (3 strains). Among the studied strains were not found resistant to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Discussion. Comparison results two study periods allowed to reveal the dynamics of increasing the sensitivity of N. meningitidis to antibiotics, which confirms the decline in meningococcal virulence, and as a result, continued interepidemic MI period. Conclusions. Despite the decline antibakterial resistance is required continuous monitoring.
15-22 1178
Abstract
Under present conditions there is a high risk of an epidemic of brucellosis associated with the threat of the spread of the pathogen from many natural sources, as well as artificially as a result of bioterrorist actions. In spite of the vast complex of brucellosis eradication activities around the world, it still remains endemic in many regions of the world. The situation is exacerbated by the ecological spreading of the causative agent of brucellosis on the previously unusual species of natural hosts, accompanied by the emergence of new Brucella species, some of which poses a risk to humans. This paper summarizes the data on the distribution area of human pathogenic Brucella species, structure and level of incidence of brucellosis in different regions of our country and abroad, pathogenicity of representatives of different species and biotypes of Brucella for humans.
23-34 2325
Abstract
The work is devoted to clarify the etiological aspects of the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), clinical and epidemiological features that are closely linked to the etiology, as well as to development of methods and products for specific diagnosis and vaccine prevention of hantavirus infection. That regard to hantaviruses a set of virological, immunological and molecular-genetics methods were developed significantly enhance the effectiveness of the specific diagnostics of HFRS. The features of humoral immunity in HFRS were identified and atypical clinical forms of HFRS was istablished; indicators of natural immunity to hantavirus in the population living in different regions of Russia and the former Soviet republics have been identified that allowed us to refine nosological area of HFRS; new, previously unknown natural foci of HFRS, including hantavirus RNA, in the central regions of Russia and in the subtropical zone of Krasnodar region have been identified and studied; 76 strains and 70 isolates of 9 rodent species and one species of birds, as well as from the blood of patients with HFRS and sectional materials from HFRS dead patients have been isolated and identified; new hantavirus species - Khabarovsk, Taimyr-Topografov, Adler, as well as two new genotypes Dobrava/Belgrad virus - Kurkino and Sochi have been identified; species composition of small mammals - the natural reservoir of hantaviruses was the refined; etiological role and epidemiological importance of different hantaviruse types in HFRS incidence structure was established; the existence of new etiologically distinct hantavirus infections with significant epidemiological differences has been proven; manufacturing techniques and methods of control of the culture inactivated vaccine against HFRS has been developed.
35-40 1227
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common multiresistant agent of hospital acquired infections in Europe. Health care-associated infections caused by MRSA described of severe course, epidemic dissemination, often with fatal outcome, accompanied by considerable economic damage. The prevention of such diseases is devoted to many publications of research results. However, developed and implemented by some preventive measures demanded evaluation of their effectiveness. Thus, the sanitation of MRSA nasal carriers among medical staff, as a measure of prevention strategies hasn’t unique estimate. In the article presents the results, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of intranasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus among medical staff. In the study materials includes the results of four randomized clinical trial, installed total relative risk (RR = 0.20; [95% ДИ = 0.06 - 0.66], = 22.72; df = 3; p = 0.0001),shows the effectiveness of decolonization nasal carriers Staphylococcus aureus, a reduction in the frequency of the carrier and the number sources of infection among medical staff within a 6 month period from the date of its holding.
41-44 963
Abstract
The comparative analysis of results of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and of the skin test with the recombinant tuberculosis allergen (Diaskintest - DST) in 7978 children with active tuberculosis revealed for the first time in 2013 - 2014 was carried out. The negative DST result and positive TST result are observed at 551 (6.91%) of patients. 92 patients (1.15%) had negative both tests, and at 98 people (1.23%) DST has yielded positive result, PM - negative. Other patients had positive both tests. In general, by means of DST tuberculosis initially hasn't been revealed at 643 (8.06%) patients, and by means of TST - at 190 (2.38%) patients. The difference is statistically reliable (t = 9.16; P < 0.05). Dynamics of tests results at patients with active tuberculosis was studied. The result of DST remained negative for a year in18.7% of patients, in 26,7% of patients with initially negative DST the result became positive in 3 months, in 2.7% - a year after the first testing. Tuberculosis of various forms and localizations, including TB+, was diagnosed for children with initially negative results of DST and positive TST.
45-49 942
Abstract
The problem of tuberculosis in penitentiary institutions is still relevant today. While the number of prisoners reduced by 3.7% in 2015 compared to 2014, TB incidence among persons entering preliminary detention units remains the same. However, in prisons incidence of tuberculosis and mortality has declined by 10% and 35.2%, respectively, over the same period. In order to optimize approaches to the prevention of tuberculosis in penitentiary institutions, we examined the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the incidence of mental stress among inmates on their admission to an Altai territory detention unit. Based on the study results, we suggest measures for TB prevention in prisons.

VACCINAL PREVENTION

49-59 874
Abstract
For example, a megacity of 10 years and an analysis of the problems, specific prevention of tuberculosis. Mass vaccination against tuberculosis leads to a reduction in morbidity and mortality from the disease according to Moscow. The main problems of vaccine prevention of tuberculosis in Moscow are to reduce vaccination coverage of newborns due to increased number of failures parents. The frequency of severe complications (BCG osteitis) was 0,004%, frequency of pulmonary complications - 0,005% (lymphadenitis), 0,01% (cold abscesses) to 100 thousand vaccinated. Possible complications of vaccine-B are not an occasion to review the policy on primary vaccination with BCG.
60-66 1103
Abstract
Study objective. The study aims at evaluating the efficacy of combined administration of imiquimod 5% cr me and human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent recombinant vaccine in order to achieve a long-term clinical remission in patients with chronic HPV infection manifested in condyloma accuminata of the anogenital area. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 36 subjects aged 26.4 (4.1) years (including 22 men) with 1 to 5 condyloma accuminata of the anogenital area. Study participants were vaccinated with human papillomavirus quadrivalent recombinant vaccine using a 0 - 2 - 6 month regimen with concomitant administration of imiquimod 5% cr me applied 3 times per week for not more than 16 weeks. Results. Complete disappearance of condyloma accuminata was observed in 34 out of 36 subjects (94.4%) after one year from the start of treatment. Two patients still having condyloma accuminata of the anogenital area after one year of combination treatment underwent a successful course of treatment with solcoderm (one patient for 1 year 3 months and the other for 1 year 4 months) that resulted in complete disappearance of condyloma accuminata. Within the 1 year 6 month period no recurrence of condyloma accuminata of the anogenital area has been observed. Conclusion. Vaccination with human papillomavirus quadrivalent recombinant vaccine along with concomitant use of imiquimod 5% cr me enables to achieve a long-term clinical remission in patients with chronic HPV infection manifesting in condyloma accuminata of the anogenital area, in at least 94.4% of patients followed up for 1 year 6 months.
66-71 731
Abstract
A literature review presents date obtained during the last years about the strategy of production and protective characteristics of different experimental vaccines against opportunistic and particularly dangerous deep mycoses. The role of T-lymphocytes of Th1 and Th17 types, interactions of CD4+T - and CD8+T-cells in the immune response and maintenance of immunologic memory after immunization with vaccines against mycoses are discussed.
72-82 3113
Abstract
The rapid development of molecular-biological and genetic methods of research led to the broadening and deepening of knowledge of the pathogenesis of infection diseases, the structure of pathogenicity factors and their role in the development of the post-infection and post-vaccination immunity. In the review presented the literature data of this problem in relation to diseases, caused by S. aureus, which acquired great social and economic significance. Presented the list of numerous pathogenicity factors of S. aureus, their significance in the development of the infectious process and the results used to create vaccine preparations. Most of the vaccines in the construction of which used the capsular polysaccharides, toxins, protein antigens of the cell wall are in various stages of preclinical and clinical trials. Preliminary data indicate a need to use it to create protective immunity multiantigenic complex with focus on numerous factors of pathogenicity of S. aureus.
83-93 918
Abstract
Protein p27/p25 is a product of HIV nef gene and is a multifunctional factor of HIV pathogenicity. Antigenic properties of recombinant NEF polypeptide which includes N-terminal fragment of HIV-1 p27 protein fused to E. coli ß-galactosidase were studied by serological and virological methods. The interaction was shown between recombinant NEF antigen and serums of HIV-positive individuals by ELISA, Western blot and line immunoassay. There was no interaction with sera of healthy individuals. The antigen specificity of recombinant antigen was shown in the reactions with commercial HIV-1 p27/p25 protein analog and with polyclonal antibodies to synthetic peptides corresponding to N-, C-terminal regions of HIV-1 p27/p25 protein. The interaction between IgG of rabbits immunized with recombinant NEF antigen and viral antigens was shown by indirect immunofluorescence and neutralizing assays. Thus it was proven the possibility of using recombinant NEF protein as an antigen for diagnostic and experimental purposes.
94-101 940
Abstract
Investigated is the effect of azoximer bromide (polioxidonium - PO) and dalargin (DA) on the immune system cell reactivity in the anti-tularemia vaccine prosess modeling in Balb/c mice. The animals were immunized subcutaneously with a dose of 104 live microbial cells of vaccine strain Francisella tularensis 15 NIIEG. PO or DA subcutaneously administered 60 min before vaccination, respectively, in doses of 4 mg and 2 mg. On 3rd and 21st days of immunogenesis the peripheral organs of the immune system and the contents of the abdominal cavity were investigated. Cell response to vaccination and investigated immunomodulators evaluated by flow cytometry (CyAn ADP) for two light scatter parameters and for changing the proliferating and apoptotic cell number. Additionally, for the characterization of changes in the functional status of lymphocytes nuclei the light microscopy was used and titers of specific antibodies were determined. Installed is the different response of intact mice lymphocytes and phagocytes to PO and DA introduction. As distinct from PO, DA stimulated the lymphocete proliferation and macrophage apoptosis by acting on their cytoplasmic granules. PO activated the migration of phagocytes with high cytoplasmic granules from mice abdominal cavity in the spleen. Only when using the PO as an immunomodulator in anti-tularemia vaccine process modeling recorded a significant increase in specific antibody titers against the background of a long-term functional splenocyte activation and macrophages reduced macrophage damage intensity in the spleen and abdomen.

VACCINAL PRACTICE

101-105 598
Abstract
Recommendations highlighted features vaccination of children with rheumatic diseases. It is shown how the immunization scheme may be changed according to the pathology and the age of the child.

OBITUARY



ISSN 2073-3046 (Print)
ISSN 2619-0494 (Online)