Relevance. Vaccination is still the most effective way to reduce the incidence and mortality from influenza and the complications it causes. WHO recommends the composition of the vaccine strain for each influenza season. Unfortunately, the relevance of vaccines and strains of influenza virus circulating during the epidemic season cannot always coincide. The cause is flu variability.Aim is to develop a new computational method for predicting an optimal hemagglutinin (HA) structure in H1N1 and H3N2 human influenza vaccine strains for coming epidemic seasons and to compare its results with WHO recommendations.

Materials and method. For this study HA sequences were used from data bases available in INTERNET and the modified hidden Markov model was used to construct the HA primary structures.

Results. It was indicated that the new bioinformatics approach allowed to construct an optimal structure of HA for vaccine strains. It was at most close to HA of circulating virus strains in coming epidemic seasons, spreaded over them and was superior to WHO recommendations.

Conclusion: HA sequences should be considered as reliable background for predicting vaccine strains to decrease risks of not optimal and even mistakable choices. Bioinformatics approach allows to continually monitor HA changes after epidemics and to estimate adequacy of manufacturing vaccines to the future epidemic season.

Background DNA-launched vaccine is “manufactured” in vaccinated individuals and does not require traditional vaccine manufacturing facility and technology. Goals. Using yellow fever 17D vaccine, we have provided proof-of-concept evidence that these vaccine can be launched from DNA and induce specific immune responses against pathogenic virus causing yellow fever. The infectious DNA vaccine technology is based on the transcription of the full-length genomic RNA of the live-attenuated virus from plasmid DNA in vitro and in vivo. A few ng of infectious DNA encoding the fulllength genomic RNA are required to initiate the replication of the vaccine virus in vitro. The in vivo-generated viral RNA initiates limited replication of the vaccine virus, which in turn leads to efficient immunization. Electroporation in vivo has induced specific immune responses against pathogenic virus and protected mice against fatal disease. Here we describe a novel infectious DNA vaccine technology which combines advantages of naked DNA vaccination and live-attenuated vaccine efficacy. Conclusions If successful in further testing, this technology can dramatically change the way we make vaccines as well as vaccination practice.

Relevance. Hepatitis B (HB) has a global range of spread; in the WHO European Region alone, approximately 15 million people suffer from a chronic form of infection, which in 20–30% of patients can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The aim of this paper was to analyze the of the HBV epidemic process manifestations on territory of Republic of Belarus from 1965 to 2017 and to assess the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccine prevention.

Materials and methods. To assess the incidence and coverage of prophylactic vaccinations against HB-infection in the general population and its individual groups, data from the state statistical reporting «Report on certain infectious and parasitic diseases and their carriers», «Report on prophylactic vaccinations», and other medical documentation were used. Results and discussion. Introduction of hepatitis B vaccination of newborns and certain adults groups allowed reducing incidence hepatitis B (HB) rate among total population by 5.4 times in 2017 (14.93 cases per 100,000 population). Incidence rate among child population decreased by 82,8 times (from 4.97 cases per 100,000 child population to 0.06 in 2016).  There is direct correlation was established between acute viral hepatitis incidence rate and vaccination coverage level (r = –0.85, p ≤ 0.05). In the last 5 years, the maximum incidence rate of all forms of HB has been marked in group of 30–39 years (68.3% of all registered cases), vaccination coverage of necessary groups is 27.9%. The total populational vaccination coverage by 01.01.2018 is 37.1%, child population is 98.0%.

Conclusion. However, a certain number of children remains unvaccinated due to long-term and permanent contraindications or vaccine refuse. If achieved levels of HB vaccination are maintained over the next 20 years, population up to 40 years old will have a recommended level of immunization coverage above 98%, and population up to 45 years old – 96%. Such vaccination coverage will provide background and conditions for HB epidemic situation changing.

Relevance. Measles infection still does not lose its relevance, as experts everywhere register outbreaks of the disease. The aim of the study is characterization of the measles epidemic process in the context of different strategies for its vaccination in a large industrial city to make adequate management decisions.

Materials and methods. The authors used the data of statistical reports on measles incidence in Yekaterinburg in 1950–2017 as the study materials. The authors analyzed data for six periods: pre-vaccination (1950–1961), selective immunization (1962–1965), routine vaccination of children under 8 years (1966–1972), vaccination of children under 14 years (1973–1986), the introduction of mass revaccination of children (1987–2001) and the period of universal vaccination at the stage of elimination of infection (2002–2017).

Results. In the pre-vaccination period, the average annual incidence rate was 1381.7 ± 162.9 per 100 ths population, the seasonal increase in the incidence was in december–may, in the structure of age groups dominated by children. During the period of selective immunization, at the stage of testing of the domestic vaccine, there was a slight decrease in the incidence to 1082.8 ± 189.1 per 100 ths population, intra-annual dynamics and age distribution of patients remained virtually unchanged. During routine vaccination of children up to 8 years of age, there was a significant reduction in the incidence to the level of 219.8 ± 110.8 per 100 ths population , which was observed in almost all age groups, with the exception of children 10–14 years and adults. Seasonal manifestations of the epidemic process were similar to previous periods. With an increase in the cohort for vaccination at the expense of children up to 14 years, there was a further decrease in the incidence to 89.9 ± 39.1 per 100 ths population, but in some years measles outbreaks were registered, with an active spread of infection among schoolchildren in educational institutions. The decision to introduce a second vaccination for 6-year olds before school made it possible to achieve a sporadic level of morbidity and to change the main parameters characterizing the epidemic process in all previous periods. The epidemic process has become intermittent. Periodic rises disappeared. When the infection was not spread, the population immunity and vaccination rates were consistent with the recommendations of who experts. However, against this background, 2016 was registered a major outbreak of measles.

Conclusion. The use of different tactics of vaccination led to significant changes in the parameters of the epidemic process of measles. However, at the present stage immunization schemes do not control the situation. In this regard, it is necessary to raise the issue of introduction of revaccination against adult measles every 10 years, as well as changes in the antigenic composition of the live measles vaccine, taking into account data on circulating strains of the virus of genetic lines D and H.

Relevance. Within the framework of the state assignment in the, Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology together with the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in the Republic of Tatarstan, the analysis of the tensions of collective immunity to measles in at-risk groups among medical workers, students of medical colleges in Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Buinsk and Muslyumovsky districts for the period 2015‒2017.

Materials and methods. Immunoenzyme method of analysis studied the intensity of immunity against measles in 1107 serum samples of medical workers from 19 medical and preventive institutions in cities and some regions of the Republic of Tatarstan, and students of medical schools and colleges.

Results. It was established that out of 480 medical personnel, 363 (75,63 ± 2,253%) were seropositive to the measles virus, and 117 (24.38 ± 3.969%) were seronegative. Coverage by vaccination and revaccination against measles among the sample group of medical workers did not reach the level of 93% (84.38 ± 1.657%), which does not prevent the outbreak of measles among this group. According to the results of a sample survey of antibodies to measles virus among students of medical schools and colleges of the Republic of Tatarstan (data for 2016 and 2017), it was found that the proportion of seronegative measles virus among students in large cities of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2016 was 52.35 ± 2,99%, and in 2017, 42.32 ± 2.958% of the people. The proportion of students who were seronegative for measles virus for two years of the study (2016–2017) averaged 45.07 ± 2.979%.

Discussion and conclusions. The results indicate the need to continue conducting studies on seromonitoring of collective immunity to measles in medical workers, students in secondary and higher medical schools.

Research objective – studying of a possibility of application antigen – stimulated cellular in vitro tests and technology of the cytometric analysis for control of immunogene activity of batches of vaccine plague live.

Materials and methods. As biomodels used white laboratory mice, immunized commercial medicine of vaccine of the plague NIIEG line, live from a strain of Yersinia pestis EV, in doses – 8 х 102, 4 х 103, 2 х 104 and 1 х 105 of living microbic cells. Blood for a research was taken from intact mice and on 7, 14 and 21 days after immunization. The intensity of an antigenreaktivnost of lymphocytes was defined in cellular in vitro tests, analyzing a marker of early activation (CD45+CD3+CD25+) of lymphocytes with use of the monoclonal antibodies conjugated from fluorokhroma. As specific antigen used a complex of water-soluble antigens of a plague microbe.

Results. As a result of a research it is shown that at the animals vaccinated by doses 4 х 103 – 1 х 105 living microbic cells, the highest level of an expression activation marker lymphocytes at anti-gene stimulation of in vitro is registered on 14 days after immunization, at the same time the quantity of CD25 – positive lymphocytes are on average 6.8 times higher, than in control group. High degree of direct link (coefficient of correlation of r = 1,000) quantities of the survived animals with increase in level of lymphocytes, expressiruyushchy markers of early activation – CD25 is established.

Conclusions. The offered technique can be used as the additional test when studying degree of immunogenicity of new (kandidatny) vaccines against plague.

Background. Infectious and non-infectious diseases of the digestive system are common in Russia and worldwide and have major social and economic significance, yet the importance of infectious diseases in development of chronic digestive disorders is not adequately studied. The study aims to define epidemiologic charateristics of non-infectious diseases of the digestive system and to assess the influence of enteric infections on chronic digestive disorders development.

Materials and methods. The authors conducted a retrospective epidemiologic analysis of incidence and prevalence of infectious and non-infectious digestive diseases in Russia in the period between 2002 and 2017 and in-depth for 2010–2017. Statistical analysis was done using least square method, Pearson correlation and regression analysis and statistical processing was performed using the Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics software. Findings. During the incidence growth period for non-infectious diseases (2010–2015) in Russia a strong positive correlation is detected between incidences of infectious and non-infectious digestive diseases. In particular, Hepatithis A, Enterovirus, Rotavirus and Norovirus infections have to most significant impact on liver, biliary tract diseases, pancreas and intestinal diseases.

Conclusion. Enteric infections increase the risk of development of chronic digestive diseases. Prevention of infectious diseases will allow to decrease incidence of chronic digestive diseases

 Relevance. Nutrition is the most important biological factor on which the functioning of the human body depends. The link between the development of colorectal cancer and nutrition and eating habits is well known: excessive consumption of red meat, fats, alcohol, lack of dietary fiber, obesity. Objective: To assess the prevalence and significance of factors related to nutrition and food habits in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the population of the Omsk region.

Materials and methods. An epidemiological analytical study (case-control) was conducted, in which 609 people took part - residents of the Omsk Region aged 30 to 85 years (average age 51.2 years; 95% CI 48.1 – 54.3). The study examined 23 factors characterizing the diet and eating habits of study participants.

Result and discussion. Of the 23 risk factors for CRC associated with nutrition and food habits, only six confirmed their importance to the residents of the Omsk region: a body mass index of more than 25, alcohol consumption more than twice a month with a predominance of strong, the frequency of red meat consumed more than 10 times a month, the amount of fresh fruit consumed is less than 100 grams at a time, the preference for fatty foods.

Findings. The implementation of preventive measures, taking into account the prevalence of risk factors for CRC, including factors related to nutrition and eating habits, reduces the population and individual risk of this pathology in the population of the region, as well as health losses due to malignant neoplasms of the colon and colon.

Relevance. In recent years, the world has seen a high prevalence and mortality from respiratory diseases. This entails high economic costs for most developed countries. Objective: to conduct a content analysis of sources that provide information on the incidence and the population and soldiers of respiratory diseases and indicators characterizing it.

Materials and methods. A content analysis of 50 sources of scientific literature devoted to the problem of respiratory diseases and published in 2009–2017 was conducted using domestic and foreign databases (PubMed, eLibrary, KiberLeninka). The paper also considered information from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat). The incidence rates of this type of pathology among the population over a long period (2000–2016) and among military personnel for 2003–2016 were analyzed.

Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the data, risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases were identified, as well as socio-economic damage caused to the militarians with community-acquired pneumonia.

The aim of investigation was to assess the characteristics of the epidemic process of the incidence and prevalence of infertility and gonococcal infection, taking into account the demographic situation in Perm region.

Materials and methods. The official statistics of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Perm Region for 2003–2017 were analyzed (form 2), the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service in the Perm Region. The long-term dynamics of general morbidity, distribution of the patients by age, sex, social status, morbidity in combination with HIV infection, the detection of gonococcal infection by various specialists and methods of laboratory diagnostics were studied using the method of retrospective epidemiological analysis. Statistical processing was carried out using the program Statistica 7.0. To determine the relationship between the individual parameters, a simple correlation analysis was used with the calculation of the conjugacy coefficient of the Pearson traits (r).

Results. In the Perm region, despite the positive rate of natural population growth, the number of inhabitants in 2010-2016 decreased by 14.5 thousand people. Every year the number of women in adolescent and youthful age falls. It has been shown that the leading factor in the formation of infertility is inflammatory diseases of the reproductive organs and the presence of comorbid pathology. It was established leading value in the pathogenesis of infertility of gonococcal infection. The features of the epidemic process of gonorrhea in the Perm region was shown.

Conclusion. In a large number of cases, the complication of the demographic situation in the province is associated with infection of the genital tract. It is necessary to use more widely the possibilities of microbiological diagnostics.

Relevance Obesity has a major impact on the health and well-being of the population, and the prevention of overweight and obesity is a public health priority in many countries around the world.

Purpose: was to study the prevalence of obesity among the adult population of the Voronezh region for the period 1996 – 2017, a comparative assessment of the structure of eating behavior in people with normal weight and overweight/obesity.

Methods. The research material was data the annual form No. 12 of Rosstat for 1996 through 2017. In order to study eating disorders, 150 people aged from 20 to 61 years were surveyed using the Dutch questionnaire. The main types of eating behavior among the respondents were determined. Ideal weight was calculated by Brock's field formula (1891), the upper limit of normal body weight was considered ideal weight plus 15% ideal weight. Statistical data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007.

Results. The study on the prevalence of obesity was conducted among the adult population of the Voronezh region for the period 1996-2017. The Prevalence of obesity over the period studied has increased by 8 times, the average annual growth rate over the last 4 years was 30,04%. The study of the types of food behavior in respondents with normal and overweight / obesity showed that in most cases the respondents observed pathological types (most often mixed and external). A comparative assessment of the types of eating behavior did not show any significant differences between the groups.

Conclusions. The increase in the prevalence of obesity, the high average annual growth rate indicates the increased impact of risk factors on the formation of obesity and the ineffectiveness of the strategy and tactics of dealing with this pathology. The absence of significant differences in the structure of eating behavior does not allow us to consider it a risk factor for obesity.

Aim of the study was to investigate the features of vaccine prevention of leptospirosis and its influence on morbidity.

Materials and methods. The incidence of human leptospirosis in the Russian Federation in 1956–2016, 41 cases of disease in Siberia and the Far East in 2012–2016, official Rossel'khoznadzor data, volumes of laboratory studies and vaccination of animals in Primorsk Territory and Irkutsk Region were analyzed. Blood sera from 7315 humans, 2189 dogs, 481 bovine animals and 50 small cattle, 115 pigs, 88 horses were investigated to pathogenic Leptospira antibodies.

Results. Essential significance of vaccinal leptospiroses prevention in farm animals and dogs to decrease the epizootic and epidemic process activities is demonstrated. Currently, the epidemic process in Siberia and at the Far East includes only sporadic cases, the immune stratum of the population is 3,7 ± 0,2%. Postvaccinal antibody titres in dogs, pigs and small cattle rarely exceed 1:100 while in bovine animals and horses it can reach 1:800 without disease signs.

Conclusion. Human immunization in the antropurgic foci is impractical at effective specific prophylaxis for animals. The standard base for leptospiroses requires improvement. The concept of absolute and relative diagnostic antibody titer in microagglutination test is offered to use in clinical diagnostics. In veterinary the correction of diagnostic titer depending on the animal species and vaccination time is necessary.

The system of epidemiological surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia (VP) in the Russian Federation (RF) has changed since 2011. As a result, additional opportunities have emerged for a comparative analysis of the incidence of EP and ARVI. The goal is to give a comparative description of the incidence of CAP and ARVI by age groups, territories and seasonality, taking into account the results of a selective laboratory examination of patients.

Materials and methods. A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study on the results of epidemiological surveillance at the regional level (Irkutsk Region, 2012–2016) was conducted. For 2016, the dynamics of the patient’s number with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (n = 706460) and VP (n = 15279) reported by weeks, as well as the results of selective PCR examination of 1788 patients for 13 viral and bacterial pathogens were analyzed.

Results. Over 5 years, the incidence of the VP increased from 377.6 (370.0–385.2) per 100 thousand to 588.3 (578.7–597.9), the average annual growth rate was + 35.8%. At the same time, the incidence of ARVI decreased at an average annual rate of –2.9%. When comparing the incidence of CAP and ARVI in municipalities, it was found weakly correlation only (ρ = 0.172, p> 0.05). In contrast, in the analysis of seasonality, a direct strong correlation was found between SARS and EP by weeks of the year (ρ = 0.887, p <0.05). For an average of 5 years, there were 52 cases of ARVI per 1 case of EP. For children, there were no significant differences in this indicator by the seasons of the year, whereas in adults, EP were recorded relatively more often in summer and spring than in winter and autumn (p <0.05). Significant differences in the frequency of positive findings for the seasons of the year were found for pneumococcus, rhinoviruses, influenza A and RS viruses. The recorded incidence of CAP and ARVI was characterized by a weak correlation link by territory and a strong link by weeks.

Conclusion. The introduction of the epidemiological monitoring system for pneumonia allowed to identify differences in the intra-annual dynamics of EF and ARVI among adults and children. This is the basis for correcting the tactics laboratory monitoring and prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections.

Background. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases in outpatient and hospital practice.

Goals: was to identify the epidemiological aspects of UTI among the patients of «Altai regional hospital for veterans of wars» (AKGVV).

Methodology. AKGVV: is a multi-specialized medical institution. The structure of which includes an advisory-polyclinic department for 180 visits per shift and a hospital for 305 beds of round-the-clock stay. A retrospective analysis of the incidence of UTI in AKGVV was carried out. During the analysis, the data of the information system «Hospital» for 2008–2017 were used. The study materials were subjected to statistical processing. The statistical analysis was carried out with the help of programs STATISTICA 10.0 and MSExcel 2010.

Results. From 2012 there was a tendency to reduce the dynamics of incidence of UTI. In the dynamics of incidence of chronic cystitis, there was a tendency to reduce it. In the dynamics of the incidence of chronic pyelonephritis, there was also a tendency to decrease. There was a sporadic incidence of acute pyelonephritis .1 case of acute cystitis incidence recorded in 2010. In the structure of patients with UTI, patients from 80 years and older – 57.70%; patients aged 70–79 years accounted for 20.59%, 60–69 years – 15.29%..

Сonclusions The average severity (81.2%) prevailed in the structure of patients with UTI, which requires special approach of medical personnel to care of patients, ensuring proper sanitary and anti-epidemic regimen in hospital departments and selection of antibacterial
therapy.

The article analyzes the content of instructions for use of vaccines and toxoids registered in the Russian Federation. It was stated that this important document is a standard of the manufacturer, and not a standard of the Ministry of Health of Russia, and does not always correspond to other regulatory documents. It is noted that instructions for foreign immunobiological preparations often differ significantly from instructions for similar domestic preparations. Examples of foreign vaccine instructions are given, the text of which does not match Russian requirements, in addition, they contain recommendations and information contradicting the Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated September 21, 2016 No. 724n «On approval of the Requirement for instructions on the medical use of drugs». There were suggestions to discuss the issue of unifying the text of instructions on immunobiological preparations and assigning them the title of a legal document.