Relevance. Currently, the incidence of COVID-19 is growing in many countries of the world, including Russia. There are suggestions about a likely protective role against the new coronavirus infection of widely used traditional vaccines against respiratory infections (influenza, tuberculosis, pneumococcal infection). Those vaccinated with these vaccines are less likely to report deaths and severe forms of COVID-19 diseases in vulnerable populations.

The aim is to determine the frequency of detection of positive markers of a new coronavirus infection in individuals with different vaccination histories.

Materials and methods. We examined 313 employees of an educational institution with various vaccination histories at the age of 20–54 years from May to September 2020. The determination of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and specific IgM and IgG antibodies to the virus nucleocapsid was carried out.

Results. Positive markers for SARS-CoV-2 (PCR and / or ELISA) were found in 51 (16.3%) people. All examined patients had no signs of acute respiratory viral infections. Among people with positive markers of coronavirus infection (PCR and / or ELISA), the number of people vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, measles and hepatitis B (HBV) was 13.7–17.6% of those examined. Among those with negative PCR results, the number of people vaccinated against these infections was higher (p ≤ 0.05) and amounted to 51.0–56.6%. Similar results were found in the determination of specific IgM and IgG.

Conclusion. Positive markers of a new coronavirus infection were found much less frequently in persons who had a history of vaccination with ADS-M-toxoid, measles and hepatitis B vaccines.

Relevance. At the end of 2019, the world was confronted with a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), In January 2020, WHO declared an epidemic related to SARS-CoV-2, a health emergency of international importance, and in March characterized the spread of the world. diseases like a pandemic.

Purpose of the study. Conduct a comparative analysis of the seroprevalence of the population of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions – the largest administrative territorial entities of the Middle and Southern Urals – against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and methods. The work was carried out under the program of the first stage of assessing the seroprevalence of the population of the Russian Federation according to a unified methodology developed by Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation with the participation of the Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute. The selection of participants was carried out by the method of questioning and randomization. The presence of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid was determined in blood serum by the enzyme immunoassay.

Results. Comparative analysis of the results showed that the incidence rate of COVID-19 in the Chelyabinsk region was consistently lower, and the seroprevalence at the first stage of the study was statistically significantly higher (p <0/05) than in the Sverdlovsk region. It was found that the incidence in both regions had a direct correlation with population density (r = 0.59; p <0.05). There were no differences between the compared areas in terms of seroprevalence among convalescents, people who had contact with COVID-19 patients, and asymptomatic volunteers with a positive PCR test. When analyzing seroprevalent volunteers in both regions, it was shown that the number of asymptomatic individuals varied within 94.4 ± 1.2% – 95.0 ± 0.95%. These data indicate that the majority of volunteers tolerated COVID-19 asymptomatically.

Conclusions. A comparative study showed a statistically significant predominance of seroprevalence among the population of the Chelyabinsk region. It was found that an increase in seroprevalence at the population level was accompanied by a decrease in morbidity. Shown is a direct relationship between population density and the incidence rate. More than 90% of seropositive individuals in the compared areas showed asymptomatic course of coronavirus infection.

Relevance. They did not learn completely the information of the distribution of morbidity by territory and population sex-age groups in the context of a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19).

Aims. It is necessary to study COVID-19 distribution features among the population of the central Orenburg region administrative districts in June–December 2020.

Materials & Methods. We analyzed the results of the study of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) COVID-19 of the population of the Central Orenburg region for June-December 2020 (72 484 nasopharyngeal smears from 13 districts of the region). The presence of SARS-CoV2 RNA was detected by real-time reverse transcription PCR. The significance of differences in indicators was assessed using the paired Pearson test (p≤0.05; EPI-INFO, version 7.2.4; CDC).

Results. The share of positive findings was 15,5% of the studied material from 12,5% of the population. Registration of COVID 19 cases in the Central Orenburg region began in June 2020. They revealed a significant correlation between the dynamics of the districts population morbidity and the dynamics of examined persons number. The study of morbidity dynamics showed a significant growth with the registration of maximum values in October with a decrease in disease cases in December by 2 times. They identified the highest morbidity rates territories (Aleksandrovsky, Akbulaksky, Sharlyksky, Tyulgansky, Perevolotsky, Sol-Iletsky, Saraktashsky, Belyaevsky dist at the average regional level 2204,9 0 /0000 ). The distribution of cases by sex revealed the predominance of women disease cases (56,8%) over the men proportion (43,2%). Women dominated among adults under 65 years of age, while men dominated in the children's and over 65 years of age groups. However, the prevalence analysis for the given period showed the women dominance in all age groups in all the studied territories. They can conclude that there is a great women commitment to medical care. It was not possible to identify significant correlations between the morbidity level and the districts remoteness from Orenburg. It is likely that at modern communication speeds distances of 250–300 km are not a significant barrier to a new infection with a dominant airborne transmission pathway spread.

Conclusions. The study showed a mobidity significant growth for 2020. 8 of 13 territories under study became those of increased risk of morbidity. Cases of the disease ratio among men and women responds to the men and women ratio among the population. The age group of 0-18 was least affected. The analysis showed a morbidity reliable growth with increasing age of patients of both sexes and revealed a large inferiority of the female population.

Relevance. The question about HIV-infected people as a risk group of morbidity and severe course of COVID-19 is still open.

Aim of our scientific work is to determine the prevalence and severity of COVID-19` clinical course in HIV-infected people in comparison with the general population.

Materials and methods. The information resources of COVID-19 registration in HIV-infected and HIV-negative people in Perm Region were studied for 2020.

Results. The prevalence of COVID-19 among HIV-infected people is lower than among HIV-negative people. There were no significant differences in the severity of COVID-19 clinical course in HIV-infected and HIV-negative people. There was no statistically significant dependence of the severity of COVID-19 clinical course in HIV-infected patients on the number of CD4 + T cells and the degree of viral load.

Conclusion. HIV-infected people are not a risk group of morbidity and severe course of COVID-19.

Relevance. The article presents an example of using the method of integral assessment of the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis, which is applied to the main statistical criteria as a more accurate approach in assessing the manifestation of the epidemic process and identifying «risk areas» within the Siberian Federal District. The essence of the method consists in ranking the statistical indicators used from the minimum values to the maximum values for the entire study period, and further summing the ranks for each indicator. The resulting integral indicator is further used to calculate the generalized visibility coefficient.

Aim. Argumentation of «risk areas» associated with tuberculosis infection in the Siberian Federal District using a comprehensive assessment of the main epidemiological indicators.

Results and discussion. A complex assessment of the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis infection on the territory of the Siberian Federal District made it possible to identify regions with an unfavorable epidemiological situation (Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory, Irkutsk region and the Republic of Tyva), which require a comprehensive study to determine the causal relationships and risk factors lying in based on the observed deterioration in key epidemiological indicators.

Conclusion. In terms of risk-based surveillance, regions with an unfavorable epidemiological situation can be designated as «territory zones».

Relevance. Acute respiratory diseases (ARD) refer to mass infectious diseases, cause significant economic damage by provoking the development of diseases of the circulatory system, and the seasonal incidence of ARI is a predictor of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, which requires timely statistical accounting using the medical information system (MIS).

The aim of the study was to quantitatively assess the risk of exposure to ARIs on the occurrence of diseases of the circulatory system using statistical data processing using MIS.

Materials and methods. The epidemiological study was carried out in the design of a retrospective analytical cohort study of cases of temporary disability in the adult population, using statistical and analytical methods with the identification of a causal relationship using MIS, which provides the primary collection, storage, selection and grouping of data on the incidence of patients, with subsequent calculations of the relative risk and its 95% confidence interval.

Results and discussion. Using the MIS, 88,735 cases of incapacity for work issued for the period from 2014 to 2019 were recorded and analyzed. Thanks to the reference architecture of the MIS, a sample of patients with acute respiratory infections was carried out, and their subsequent grouping according to the incidence rate into the main and control groups. The main group (frequently ill) was represented by patients who were ill more than 3 times per season, and the control group (rarely ill) was represented by patients who were ill from 1 to 2 times per season. The sample consisted of 4,980 patients, of which 1,461 were the main group and 3519 were the control group. A statistically significant relationship was revealed between the incidence of ARI and the development of angina pectoris with documented spasm (I20.1), chronic ischemic heart disease (I25.1), cerebrovascular disease (I67.9), atherosclerosis of the arteries of the extremities (I70.2), phlebitis and thrombophlebitis (I80), varicose veins of the lower extremities (I83), as well as hemorrhoids (I84).

Conclusions. The introduction into the practice of MIS, which has a predominantly reference architecture, will optimize the epidemiological surveillance of infectious and non-infectious diseases, using the statistical registration of cases of temporary disability, mortality and hospitalization for taking timely and effective anti-epidemic and preventive measures.

Relevance. Despite the successes achieved in the fight against COVID-19 and the beginning of mass vaccination, the epidemiological situation remains quite tense, especially in foreign countries. Therefore, there is still a need to maintain the imposed restrictive and anti-epidemic measures, which may increase depending on changes in the epidemiological situation. As the experience of working in the context of a pandemic shows, it is advisable to use the principles of military epidemiology in the practical activities of various specialists in the national health system. They are based on a grouping of medical and non-medical measures aimed at preventing infection drifts, its spread in groups of people and in specific territories, and its removal outside of epidemic foci. Specific immunization of the population against the new coronavirus infection is important, which will ensure the stabilization and smooth out the course of the epidemic process.

Aims. To analyze the current state of the global spread of the new coronavirus infection and to consider the possibility of applying the principles of military epidemiology in the fight against the new coronavirus infection.

Conclusions. Based on the results of the analysis of literature sources and personal practical experience in the fight against COVID-19, the most effective measures of anti-epidemic protection of the population to date are summarized. Approaches to the organization of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures based on the principles of military epidemiology are proposed: the separation of medical care for infectious patients and their sorting according to the severity of the disease; the maximum approach to the served contingents of anti-epidemic forces and means, taking into account the current sanitary and epidemiological situation; continuous implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures until the elimination of epidemic foci; ensuring the mobility and constant readiness of the forces and means involved in carrying out sanitary and anti-epidemic measures.

Relevance. Meningococcal disease is a relatively rare but still potentially fatal and disabling infection, affecting primarily healthy people of all age groups, and remains an important public health problem.

Aims. The aim of the study was to analyze the long-term dynamics of the incidence of MI in the Novosibirsk region (NSO; identification and study of the factors that determined the change in the incidence of MI in 2019 in the region.

Materials & Methods. A retrospective comparative epidemiological analysis of the incidence of the population of the Novosibirsk region in 1992–2019 was carried out. using statistical reporting forms No. 2 «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases»; state reports «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being ofthe population oftheRussian Federation» for 1998–2015, and according to the NSO for 2005–2019.

Results. An analysis of the epidemiological patterns of MI in the NSO revealed the presence of significant fluctuations in the incidence rates with multiple replacements of the leading strains of meningococcus, in the absence of immunity to all the main pathogens of MI in the vast majority of the region's inhabitants (from 60% to 82.92% of the population in different years remained seronegative to meningococcus serogroup A, 100% of the examined are seronegative to serogroup C). Simultaneously with the change in the epidemic situation in MI in the NSO in 2019, a tendency towards an increase in the incidence of MI was registered during 2016–2019 and in all regions ofCentral Asia, from where the influx oflabor migrants with their families continues. As anti-epidemic measures in risk groups, vaccination was used mainly against meningococcus serogroup A in combination with chemoprophylaxis in contact persons.

Conclusion. The NSO (Novosibirsk) is characterized by: dynamic changes in the circulating serogroups of meningococcus, the presence of refugees and migrants with a high risk of infection with local strains and the introduction of new ones, including hypervirulent strains from regions on the transit route; high risk of repeated outbreaks and further complication of the epidemic situation. It is necessary to form a regional vaccine prophylaxis program, taking into account the variability of the etiology of MI and the most effective prevention strategies.

Relevance. The widespread use of information technologies, both when creating a database based on the results of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated with the live plague vaccine, and for predicting the effectiveness of measures for specific prevention of plague in a specific territory, is aimed at ensuring epidemiological surveillance of plague in the territories of natural foci of infection. The aim of the work was to analyze the application of the created replenished database, which allows accumulating, archiving and systematizing the results of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated against plague for informational support of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of plague in the territories of natural foci of infection.

Materials and methods. The database included the results of a prospective cohort observational study. The database was created on the Microsoft Access 8.0 platform, an interactive software development environment for Visual Basic 6.0 with VB (Visual Basic) and / or SQL (structured query language) queries. To store the data, TXT files connected to the database were used.

Results. Permanent (region of residence, age, sex, blood group, genovariants of the human leukocyte antigen HLA) and variable (indicators of cellular and humoral immunity) parameters obtained as a result of long-term immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated with the live plague vaccine according to epidemic indications have been archived. Using the information support of the Database, an assessment of the state of anti-plague immunity was carried out and screening indicators of the immune status of the contingent at risk were determined, characterizing the individual response to vaccination.

Conclusions. The introduction of information technologies, which are the basis for multifactorial risk management of vaccine prevention, based on the use of modern databases for collecting, storing and analyzing data, makes it possible to make management decisions to optimize the volume and timing of measures for specific prevention of plague in the territories of natural foci of infection and in institutions that ensure the implementation of work with pathogens of especially dangerous infections.

Due to the emergence of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, scientists around the world are actively working on a vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. At the same time, it is possible that existing medications can help in the fight against this disease. The local antiseptic drug benzidamine hydrochloride in the early stages of illness can prevent the virus from entering the lower respiratory tract and potentially reduce the severe illness associated with pneumonia and, as a result, reduce COVID19-related hospitalizations, which can significantly reduce the burden on the health care system.

The aim: to evaluate the antiviral activity of benzidamine hydrochloride against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

Material and methods. Antiviral properties of benzidamine hydrochloride were studied in vitro in non-toxic concentrations on monolayer of Vero-E6 cells infected with pandemic strain of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in treatment and prophylactic scheme of the compound and virus administration.

Results. Benzidamine hydrochloride has antiviral activity (15,0 mcg/ml), the efficiency of its antiviral action is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance.

Conclusions. Taking into account very limited range of antiviral drugs with direct action on SARS-CoV-2 virus, the studied preparation can be used in complex therapy at early stages of the disease, which can prevent virus penetration into lower respiratory tract and potentially reduce the number of complications.

Relevance. Infections are the most common complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). According to registry studies, infections are the cause of death in 10–20% of patients. The emergence of new therapies for CLL has led to a decrease in mortality due to CLL progression, while mortality from infections has remained constant in recent decades.

The aim of this literature review is to analyze the effectiveness of vaccine prophylaxis in patients with CLL as well as predictors of vaccine inefficiency according to published data, to explore current guidelines.

Conclusions. The mechanisms of immune dysfunction in CLL are complex and associated with both the disease itself and the therapy. Numerous studies have shown that patients with CLL have an inadequate response to most vaccines given routinely in the general population. Vaccination in CLL patients remains a poorly developed topic. Additional clinical trials are needed to improve the effectiveness of vaccination in patients with CLL.

Relevance. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulation of the body's response to infection. It is estimated that the annual number of sepsis cases worldwide could be 48 million. An increase in the role of nosocomial infections, an increase in concomitant pathology, and the rapid development of complications lead to negative dynamics in the sepsis incidence and mortality.

Aims. Review of the epidemiological characteristics of sepsis in the world and the Russian Federation, study of the etiology, risk factors, complications and prevention of sepsis.

Conclusions. The data obtained indicate that sepsis remains an unsolved public health problem in many countries of the world. According to modern data, the annual sepsis (ICD-10: A00-B99, A30-A49, A41) incidence among the adult population in accordance with «Sepsis-3» is 838 per 100 ths. So, assessing the incidence of sepsis and mortality from it, we can identify the negative dynamics of recent years, which is typical for the United States of America, Europe and Asia. For example, the incidence of all forms of sepsis ranges from 25 per 100 ths in Italy (2006) to 883 per 100 ths in Sweden (2019). Moreover, every fourth case of sepsis (24.4%) in the world was acquired during a stay in an ICU. Hospital mortality from all forms of sepsis in various countries ranged from 17.5% in Spain (2013) to 46.3% as a whole and 64.5% with admission to ICU in Brazil (2006–2015). Unfortunately, in the Russian Federation, there are no large studies aimed at assessing sepsis incidence and mortality. According to the results of studies conducted on the basis of ICU in hospitals of St. Petersburg, sepsis incidence was 35 per 100 ICU patients (2006–2007) and 15 per 100 ICU patients (2015). When studying the epidemiological features of sepsis, the following difficulties can be identified: changing the criteria for diagnosing sepsis, comparing data on sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock, evaluating data on community-acquired and in-hospital sepsis. So, sepsis prevention plays an important role in the public health of many countries. Major preventive strategies to reduce sepsis incidence include raising awareness of sepsis; identification of persons at risk; early diagnosis of sepsis; treatment of comorbid pathology leading to the potential development of sepsis and progression of its complications. The epidemiological status continues to deteriorate due to the growth of antibioticresistant strains, an increase in the proportion of fungal agents, late antibiotic therapy, an unfavorable comorbid status and other factors. Early diagnosis and timely clinical management of sepsis play the main role in the improvement in the quality of life. For example, treatment of chronic infectious diseases, minimization of manageable risk factors, and development of population screening programs will further reduce sepsis incidence and mortality.

Relevance. Travel diarrhea is the most common health problem in travelers, affecting up to 70% of travelers, especially when traveling to developing countries. Research and development of scientific and practical approaches to the prevention, risk assessment and treatment of travelers' diarrhea continues to be the focus of attention of specialists in the field of epidemiology, infectious diseases and travel medicine around the world.

Aim of the study: systematization and synthesis of new data on various clinical and epidemiological aspects of travelers' diarrhea.

Conclusion. Analysis of modern scientific literature has made it possible to identify the risks for travelers associated with the direction of travel and the state of their own health. The highest risk of developing traveler's diarrhea (from 20% to 90%) is recorded in people visiting the countries of the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Africa. There is a high risk of developing traveler's diarrhea in children under 4 years of age. The causative agents of acute bacterial intestinal infections can account for up to 80% -90% of all cases of travelers' diarrhea. In most cases, travelers' diarrhea is mild. Seeking medical care is observed from 5% to 15% of cases. For etiotropic therapy, the use of azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and other drugs is recommended. Recommendations for self-management of traveler's diarrhea have been formulated. Pre-trip travel advice will help reduce the risks of travelers' diarrhea.

Introduction. Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.

Aim. To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.

Conclusion. Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.